U-Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
Ibhayibheli Liyincwadi efundwa kakhulu emlandweni. Ngokomlobi uJames Chapman, eminyakeni engu-3,9 kuphela edlule kuye kwathengiswa amakhophi angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-50 ombhalo ongcwele wesiko lamaJuda namaKristu. Ngokunjalo, inani lamakhophi athengisiwe lihlala libalelwa ezigidini eziyi-100 ngonyaka emhlabeni wonke futhi liqongelela izinguqulo eziyi-2452 kuze kube manje.
Ngemuva kwalokho Ibhayibheli, kungenzeka ukulinganisa ukuthi yiziphi izincwadi ezifundwa kakhulu emlandweni ngezibalo zokuthengisa. Kulokhu, ngizoqhubeka Izingcaphuno ezivela emsebenzini ka-Mao Tse-tung (1966) nguHou Bo noMao Zedong ngamakhophi ayizigidi ezingu-820 athengisiwe. Bese beza IThale Lamadolobha Amabili (1859) nguCharles Dickens kanye Inkosana encane ngu-Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, womabili anamakhophi ayizigidi ezingu-200.
Yini Ibhayibheli futhi bangaki abantu asebeyifundile?
Ibhayibheli Kuyiqoqo lemibhalo yenkolo esebenza njengesisekelo esingcwele, kokubili kumaJuda (ITestamente Elidala) njengamaKrestu (ITestamente Elidala nelisha). Izazi zala masiko zithi uMose wayengumlobi wazo kuphela. Nokho, izazi zemfundiso yenkolo nezazi-mlando ziyavumelana ngeminikelo yabanye abantu bomlando.
Umthombo Ibhayibheli
Njengoba kunikezwe ubudala bemibhalo yokuqala ye Ibhayibheli (phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC), akunakwenzeka ukubala ngokuqondile ukuthi bangaki abantu abayifundile. Ngokusobala, lena incwadi ebaluleke kakhulu futhi enethonya emlandweni wempucuko yaseNtshonalanga. YiQur'an kuphela eqhathanisekayo mayelana nokuhambisana kwamasiko (ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseMpumalanga Ekude).
Ibhayibheli Yakhiwa izincwadi ezihlukahlukene—ezibizwa ngokuthi “izincwadi”—ezivela ezilimini ezihlukene zomdabu: isiHebheru, isi-Aramu nesiGreki. Ngokwakhe, IBhayibheli lesiHeberu linemibhalo engcwele yenkolo yobuJuda engu-24., okwachazwa kabanzi enkathini yenkulungwane yeminyaka (900 BC - 100 AD). Phakathi kwalezo, endala kunazo zonke yiNcwadi kaJobe, okuthiwa yabhalwa uMose ngokwesiko.
i-etymology kanye nesakhiwo
Igama elithi "iBhayibheli" isuselwa esitatimendeni se-Hellenic "ibhayibheli liyahamba”, okuhunyushwa ngokuthi “izincwadi ezingcwele”. Badlula eqoqweni elibanzi nelihlukahlukene lezindaba ezixoxwayo kuqala eziqanjwe njengezinqwaba ezihlukene. Ngokunjalo, bachaza imvelaphi yezwe neyomuntu, owadalwa nguNkulunkulu ngomfanekiso wakhe nangokufana kwakhe eNsimini yase-Edene kuze kube sekupheleni kwesintu noSuku Lokwahlulela.
Umehluko osobala kakhulu phakathi kwemibhalo yamaJuda neyobuKristu ubonakala eTestamenteni Elisha.. Ekugcineni kuvela izimfundiso zikaJesu waseNazaretha, ezethulwa njengendodana kaNkulunkulu nowokugcina wabaprofethi. ITestamente Elidala, ngakolunye uhlangothi, Ithanaki yamaHebheru—iqukethe izindaba zabaprofethi basendulo.
izincazelo
Isakhiwo samanje se Ibhayibheli UbuKristu basungulwa ngaphansi kukapapa kaSaint Damasus I, ngonyaka wama-382. Kamuva, uMkhandlu WaseTrent wagunyaza lokhu kufundwa ngo-1546 futhi waqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi “canon” (imodeli). Okusho ukuthi, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwamiswa ukulandelana kwezincwadi ezibhekwa njengezisebenzayo nezinokwethenjelwa, kodwa kwathiwa ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba kwenqatshwa abefundisi bamaJuda.
Ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, Isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane uMartin Luther futhi ukuphikile ukukhethwa kwecanonical, ngokuphambene nemfundiso yobupapa futhi yakhuthaza iNguquko yobuProthestani. Manje, inhloso yokuqala yale nhlangano kwakuwukuguqula ubuKatolika ukuze kusekelwe ubuKristu bakudala. Kodwa, umphumela waba ukuhlukana phakathi kweSonto LamaKatolika okwasungula imisinga yenkolo yamanje yobuProthestani.
Ezinye izincwadi ezifundwa kakhulu
Izingcaphuno ezivela emsebenzini ka-Mao Tse-tung (1966)
I-Manifesto ka-Hou Bo kanye ne-Mao Zedong ayivamisile ukuvela ohlwini lwezincwadi ezifundwa kakhulu zesikhathi sonke ngenxa yokuthi ukufundwa kwayo kwakuyingxenye yenqubomgomo kahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakungelona isu lombuso lanoma yiliphi izwe, kwakuyoba uhlelo olwenziwa esizweni esinabantu abaningi kakhulu emhlabeni: iShayina. Namuhla, le ncwadi ibhekwa njengesithonjana phakathi kosopolitiki abangakwesokunxele.
Okuqukethwe
- Iqembu lamaKhomanisi;
- Amakilasi nomzabalazo wekilasi;
- I-Socialism kanye ne-communism;
- Ukuphatha ngendlela efanele ukuphikisana kwabantu;
- Impi nokuthula;
- I-Imperialism kanye nawo wonke ama-reactionary angama-tigers wephepha;
- Isibindi sokulwa futhi sinqobe;
- Impi yabantu;
- Ibutho labantu;
- Ubuholi Beqembu kanye namaKomidi;
- Umugqa wenqwaba;
- Umsebenzi wezepolitiki;
- Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezikhulu namadoda;
- Ubudlelwano phakathi kweButho kanye labantu;
- Intando yeningi kanye nezinkambu eziyinhloko zesihlahla;
- Ukufundiswa nokuqeqeshwa kwamasosha;
- Enkonzweni yabantu;
- Ukushisekela izwe kanye nokwamazwe ngamazwe;
- ubuqhawe benguquko;
- Sakha izwe lethu ngokukhuthala nangokungonga;
- Ukuzanelisa kanye nokuzabalaza kanzima;
- Izindlela zokucabanga nezindlela zokusebenza;
- ucwaningo nokufunda;
- Ukulungiswa kwemibono eyiphutha;
- Iyunithi;
- Isihloko;
- Ukugxeka nokuzigxeka;
- AmaKhomanisi;
- Imidwebo;
- Intsha;
- Abesifazane;
- Isiko nobuciko;
- Izifundo.
Umlando wemizi emibili (1859)
Charles Dickens
Lo msebenzi wobuciko we Charles Dickens iyinoveli yomlando esethwe eLondon naseParis. Isenzo senzeka phakathi kosuku olwandulela usuku nokuphakama kweNguquko YaseFrance ngokuBusa Kwamaphekula okwalandela. Umlingiswa oyinhloko uDkt. Manette—ongowobuzwe baseFrance—ohlala eboshiwe eBastille eParis iminyaka engu-18.
Ngemva kwalokho, i-protagonist ithuthela eLondon ukuyohlala noLucie, indodakazi yakhe (ayengakaze ahlangane nayo). Ngaleso sikhathi, ingozi ibhekile kuyo yonke indaba ngendlela yokubulala noma ukuboshwa.. Ngalesi sizathu, inoveli ihlale idlulisela izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lemizwa kumfundi; Akumangalisi ukuthi ithonya lale ncwadi emasikweni athandwayo alingabazeki.
INkosana encane (1944)
INkosi uPeter -isihloko sokuqala ngesiFulentshi- siwumsebenzi owaziwa kakhulu womshayeli wendiza waseFrance nombhali u-Antoine de Saint Exupéry. Empeleni, Le nganekwane yezingane yabantu abadala yenza indoda yaseLyon yaba umbhali owaziwayo emhlabeni wonke kuze kube namuhla. Konke lokhu sibonga umlayezo oyinhloko wencwadi, "izinto ezinhle kakhulu ekuphileni zilula kakhulu", zokuqinisekisa okungenakufa.
Eminye imishwana engafi enokugxeka komphakathi kwe INkosana encane
- “Inkosi engenazikhonzi ekhipha imiyalo kuphela engenakugcwaliseka, njengokusho kwelanga ukushona kwelanga.
- "Umfana oneqhude ofuna kuphela udumo oluvela ekuthakaseleni nokuba ngumuntu oncomeka kakhulu emhlabeni wakhe ongenamuntu."
- "Isidakwa esiphuza ukukhohlwa ihlazo lokuphuza."
- "I-geographer esekhulile engakaze ibe ndawo, noma ibone noma yini ayibhalayo, inikeza i-caricature yobuchwepheshe emhlabeni wamanje."