Ukuze uqonde inkondlo udinga ukwazi izici ezihlukene eziyiqamba. Izinkondlo ziwubuciko futhi zilandela uchungechunge lwemithetho imbongi eyazi kahle futhi ofunda kahle izinkondlo angathanda ukwazi okwengeziwe.. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi emashumini eminyaka amuva kanye neminyaka imithetho elokhu ilandelwa yilolu hlobo lwemibhalo iye yaba nezimo eziguquguqukayo. Kodwa le mithetho kumele iqondwe kuqala ukuze ukhethe kamuva ukuthi hlobo luni lwezinkondlo ofuna ukulwenza, noma futhi ujabulele ukufunda.
Imethrikhi yenkondlo yakhiwe izici okuthi ngesinye isikhathi sifunde sonke esikoleni; nokuthi sisakhumbula namuhla ngempumelelo kanye nokujula okungaphezulu noma okuncane. Kulesi sihloko siqoqa imithetho eyinhloko kumethrikhi yenkondlo.
Imiqondo yokuqala: ivesi, isitanza kanye nenkondlo
Amavesi angumugqa ngamunye ezakha indikimba yemibhalo yobunkondlo futhi engaphansi kwesilinganiso.
Istanza, kusho iRoyal Spanish Academy “eyingxenye ngayinye akhiwe ngenani elifanayo lamavesi futhi ahleleke ngendlela efanayo nezinye izingoma ezisankondlo.
Inkondlo-ke iyisakhiwo esiphelele. Ingaba nobude obuguquguqukayo kuye ngenani lamavesi kanye nohlobo lwevesi ebhalwe ngalo.
Imethrikhi isetshenziswa ukuze ukwazi ukukala inkondlo, kukalwe amavesi nezigaba zayo. Kuyasiza ukuhlela umbhalo wenkondlo. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi imethrikhi uma esikufunayo kuwukubhala izinkondlo noma ukuyihlaziya. Imethrikhi inezici ezihlukene ezikala amavesi nezigaba: imvumelwano ivesi elivame ukuba nayo ingaba ngungwaqa noma i-assonant, yobuciko obukhulu noma obuncane kuye ngenani lamagama, okunohlobo oluthile lokulinganisa.
imvumelwano yongwaqa nongwaqa
Imvumelwano yongwaqa yileyo lapho amagama okugcina enemvumelwano ngokuvumelana, okungukuthi, kucondzanisa nemisindo yabongwaqa neyonkamisa. Isibonelo:
[…] umzimba wakho uzohamba, hhayi ukunakekelwa kwakhoado;
Bazoba umlotha, kodwa kuzoba nengqondo;
bazoba uthuli, bathande uthuliado".
Imvumelwano ye-assonance ivumelana ngonkamisa kuphela. Isibonelo:
Akukho okubhaliwe alguna,
lapho kuhlala khona ukukhohlwa,
kuzoba khona t wamiumba.
Amavesi obuciko obuncane kanye nobuciko obukhulu
amavesi amancane obuciko
Lawo mavesi anamalunga afika kwayisishiyagalombili. Ulimi lwesiSpanishi, ngenxa ye-cadence nesigqi salo, lunamalungu ayisishiyagalombili njengevesi elihamba phambili. Amavesi amancane obuciko ahlukaniswe abe:
- 2 amalunga: bisílabo.
- 3 ama-syllable: ama-trisyllable.
- 4 amalunga: i-tetrasyllable.
- 5 amalunga: pentasílabo
- 6 ama-syllables hexasílabo.
- 7 amagama: heptasílabo
- 8 amalunga: octosyllable.
amavesi amakhulu obuciko
Semavesini akhiwe ngamagama angaphezu kwayisishiyagalombili. Ngobuciko obuphakeme ngeSpanishi, ivesi le-hendecasyllabic liyagqama (futhi ngenxa yethonya lase-Italy) elivame ukuhlanganiswa namanye amavesi obuciko amancane ezingomeni zezinkondlo. Amavesi obuciko obukhulu alandelayo:
- 9 amalunga: eneasílabo.
- 10 ama-syllables: decasyllable.
- 11 amagama: hendecasyllable.
- 12 amalunga: dodecasyllable.
- 13 ama-syllables: tridecasílabo.
- Amagama ayi-14: Isi-Alexandria.
Amagama abukhali futhi angacacile
Amagama alula atholakala ngeSpanishi kakhulu. Embhalweni wenkondlo abengezi noma asuse igama lokugcina elilula levesi. Isibonelo:
"Amagama okugcina [amagama angu-11] angase avale amehlo ami." "Pos-tré-ra" igama eliyisicaba elingangezi uhlamvu olwengeziwe enkondlweni.
Ngokuphambene, izinkondlo amavesi azo agcina ngegama elibukhali noma i-esdrújula ishintsha inani lamagama. I-Palabras agudas yengeza uhlamvu olulodwa bese u-esdrújula ekhipha elilodwa esikhundleni salokho.
Isibonelo samagama abukhali: "Amadoda ayiziwula asola [7+1 = 8] / abesifazane ngaphandle kwesizathu [7+1 = 8]".
Isibonelo samagama esdrújula: «Ngikhumbula ukuthi kukhona umhlaba nokuthi kukhona izinyembezi [12-1=11]».
amalayisensi metric
sinalefa
Kuyenzeka ukuthi evesini igama lingagcina ngonkamisa nalandelayo futhi. Kulokhu, kwakhiwa isignali, okungukuthi, unkamisa wokugcina nowokuqala bahlanganiswa, bakhe uhlamvu olulodwa. Isibonelo: iqabungaaumoya (ishiya emoyeni).
umlaut
I-diaeresis ibonakala kakhulu ngoba umbhali uyibeke ngamabomu, okungukuthi, kubangela onkamisa ababili okufanele bahambisane bahlukane babe ngamaqoqo amabili. Ukukhishwa kwe-diphthong. Ngale ndlela, futhi njengoba kwenzeka nangamanye amalayisense, imbongi ifinyelela imethrikhi efiselekayo. Isibonelo: Tri-Udumo-fo.
syneresis
Kuphambene ne-diaeresis. I-Syneresis ihlanganisa onkamisa ababili ababezodingeka bahlukaniswe ngoba abakwenzi ngokwemvelo i-diphthong. Isibonelo :peor/poeyebo.
I-Hiatus
I-hiatus ithatha okuphambene ne-sinalefa. Onkamisa ababili okufanele bahlangane (unkamisa wegama-wokugcina kanye nonkamisa olandela igama) abahlangani. Isibonelo: cabangaa + en.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezitanza
Esilandelayo isihloko uzothola izinhlobo ezisemqoka zezitanza: i-couplet, i-tercet, i-soleá, i-quartet, i-redondilla, i-serpentesio, i-quatrain, i-copla, i-seguidilla, i-cuaderna vía, i-limerick, i-quintet, i-lyre, i-sextet, i-sextilla, i-break foot couplet, i-eighth real, eyeshumi noma i-spinel, i-sonnet, i-romance, i-silva.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe "Uthando Oluqhubekayo, ngaphesheya kokufa"
Okulandelayo sizohlaziya inkondlo kaFrancisco de Quevedo. Kuyi-sonnet, leli yifomu le-strophic elihlukaniswe ama-quatrains amabili nama-triplets amabili, anemvumelwano yongwaqa.. Ngale ndlela sizokwazi futhi ukukhombisa ukuthi singakhombisa kanjani inani lamalunga evesini, imvumelwano kanye nesakhiwo sestanza. Ungakwazi ke ukuhlola izinhlamvu ezinkulu ezihambisana nama-hendecasyllables, okungukuthi, i-arte mayor (ukube bekunezinhlamvu ezincane ngabe sibhekene namavesi amancane obuciko). Ngokunjalo, uyabona ukuthi imilolozelo ibhanqiswa kanjani nokuthi izitanza zihlelwa kanjani. Isibonelo, le nkondlo inesakhiwo semethrikhi esilandelayo: ABBA ABBA CDC DCD.
Kwangathi amehlo ami angavala ekugcineni [A]
ithunzi elizongithatha usuku olumhlophe, [B]
futhi uzokwazi ukukhulula lo mphefumulo wami [B]
isikhathi sokulangazelela kwakhe ukukhathazeka ukuthopha; [A]
kodwa hhayi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ogwini, [A]
izoshiya inkumbulo, lapho yasha khona: [B]
ukubhukuda kuyawazi amanzi ami abandayo elangabi, [B]
futhi ulahlekelwe inhlonipho ngomthetho oqinile. [A]
Umphefumulo oye waba kuwo unkulunkulu wejele, [C]
imithambo ehlekisayo emlilweni ongaka inike, [D]
umnkantsha oshile ngokukhazimulayo, [C]
umzimba wakho uzohamba, hhayi ukunakekelwa kwakho; [D]
bayakuba ngumlotha, kepha kuyakuba nengqondo; [C]
Bayoba uthuli, luyanda uthuli othandweni. [D]