Amagilebhisi Olaka
Amagilebhisi Olaka -noma Amagilebhisi Olaka, ngesihloko sawo sokuqala sesiNgisi, iwumlando odumile owabhalwa umlobeli wezempi waseMelika, umbhali wezindaba ezimfushane, kanye nombhali wezincwadi uJohn Steinbeck. Umsebenzi wanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1939, wanqwabelana izingxabano kusukela ngesikhathi ukukhululwa kwawo. Kodwa-ke, lo mbhalo waba ngowakudala, futhi wengezwa ohlwini lwe-100 Books of the Century ngokusho kombiko. Okwezwe.
Ngokufanayo, Amagilebhisi Olaka Ithole uJohn Steinbeck uMklomelo wePulitzer weFiction. ngaphezu kokwengeza ohlwini lwakhe olubanzi lwamahithi, okwakuzomsiza ukuthi awine uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi ngo-1962. Ngokunjalo, lesi sihloko siphakathi kwezintandokazi zabafundi abaningi, ngenxa yendikimba kanye nesimo saso. umbhali uyiphatha ngobuhle obunjalo.
Amazwibela we Amagilebhisi Olaka
Mayelana nendoda engenakhaya
Amagilebhisi Olaka Kuyindaba enzima ebekwe ku-Dust Bowl kanye nokudangala okukhulu eyaba nakho United States ngo-1930. Kodwa, futhi, Iwumlando womndeni ophoqeleka ukuba ushiye ikhaya futhi uthathe uhambo ngethemba lokuthola umsebenzi. kanye nendawo engcono yokuhlala. Inoveli iqala nini
UTom Joad ukhululwe ejele nge-parole ngemuva kokudonsa isigwebo ngecala lokubulala. Lapho ebuyela eSallisaw, e-Oklahoma, Uhlangana noJim Casy, owayengumshumayeli amkhumbula kusukela ezinsukwini zakhe zobuntwana.. Ngemva kokuxoxa isikhashana, banquma ukuhamba ndawonye. Nokho, lapho befika kwaTom, bawufica ungekho, lokho okubakhathazayo futhi kubadide bobabili.
Kamuva, umakhelwane ogama lakhe linguMuley Graves uyabatshela ukuthi amaJoad ngiyohlala eduze kwendlu kaMalume uJohn, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, namabhange Baxoshe bonke abalimi.
Ngemva Kwesitsha Sothuli
Ngosuku olulandelayo, abahambi Bavuke ngovivi baye kwamalume uJohane. Laphaya Zitholakala emndenini kaTom, balayishe elolini zonke izimpahla ababezishiye ngemuva Uthuli Bowl. Lesi sakamuva kwakuyinkathi embi yeziphepho zesihlabathi ezacekela phansi amapulazi, amasimu, amathafa namathafa ase-United States, I-México naseCanada. Ngenxa yale nhlekelele, umndeni awukwazanga ukukhokha imali ebolekiwe yasebhange futhi isikhungo sashaqa umuzi wabo kanye nezinye izimpahla zabo.
Okwamanje, kuyo yonke iSallisaw, amapheshana amayelana nesifunda saseCalifornia aqala ukusakazwa, lapho indawo ichazwa njengepharadesi lomsebenzi elinamaholo amahle kakhulu. Ehlatshwe umxhwele ithuba lelinye ithuba, abakwaJoad batshala imali encane abasalile ohambweni lwabo lokuya kule ndawo engaziwa.
Nokho, ukushiya uSallisaw kwephula ushwele kaTom.. Nokho, uyalishaya indiva iqiniso, ephikisa ngokuthi lingcono kakhulu kubantu bakhe.
Igolide ngemva kothingo
Isifaniso sokuthola igolide ngemva kokumba umhubhe omude akulona iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi endabeni yamaJoad akuhlukile kakhulu. Njengoba behla ngo-Route 66, baqaphela eminye imikhaya eminingi ilandela indlela efanayo, ngethemba lokuthola into efanayo ncamashi eyifunayo.
Maduze, Kufanele bahlale ekamu ukuze baphumule. Lapho, babona futhi balalele abanye abantu, abalandisa izindaba zokuthi abanye babuye belambatha bevela eCalifornia.
Kodwa akukho ukubuyela emuva. AbakwaJoad banikele ngakho konke ngenxa yesizathu sabo, ngokufuna kwabo igolide, ngakho banquma ukuqhubeka. Noma kunjalo, izimo ziba zimbi kakhulu lapho amalungu omkhaya amabili efa futhi abanye abane behlukaniswa neqembu, kuhlanganise nowesifazane okhulelwe. Kodwa akukho abangakwenza ngaphandle kokuqhubeka, ngoba e-Oklahoma akukho lutho olusele kubo, noma okungenani akukho lutho abangazinikela kukho.
Akudingi izandla ezingaka ukubamba uhlamvu lwemali.
Lapho ufika eCalifornia, Abakutholayo kubenza balahlekelwe yithemba elincane ababenalo.. Ngenxa yokufuduka kwabalimi abaningi, kwakunensada yezisebenzi ezishibhile, ngakho kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuthola umsebenzi oneholo elihle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakwaJoad kufanele babhekane nokuntuleka ngokuphelele kwamalungelo abasebenzi, ukuphathwa kabi kwabokufika, nokwehla kwamanani emikhiqizo yabo, konke ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Ezinsukwini kamuva, abakwaJoad bahlala e-Weedpatch Camp, i-Resettlement Administration engaphandle kwesifunda enesibopho sokwamukela abokufika nokubanikeza usizo oluthile. Noma kunjalo, ukuziphindiselela kwabantu bendawo kwabafikayo cishe akukaze kwenzeke, futhi izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zabafuna ukukhoseliswa azanele ukunakekela inani labantu abathintekile. Ekupheleni, Amagilebhisi Olaka Kuwukugxeka okunzima kohlelo.
Mayelana nombhali, uJohn Ernst Steinbeck
UJohn Ernst Steinbeck wazalwa ngo-February 27, 1902, eSalinas, eCalifornia, e-United States. Lapho esemncane wayesebenza emapulazini amaningana eduze kwendlu yabazali bakhe. Lapho wafunda ngesimo sabokufika kanye nobunzima bempilo jikelele. Lolu lwazi lwamnika ithuba lokubhala ezinye zezindaba zakhe ezaziwa kakhulu, njenge Of Amagundane nabesilisa. Ekhuthazwa unina, wahlakulela imikhuba yokufunda nokubhala.
Wenza lezi zinto azithandayo ngesikhathi esebenza elabhorethri yeNkampani Yoshukela yakwaSpreckels, kuyilapho elungisa noma yini abayicela kuye. Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme, Ufunde Izincwadi ZesiNgisi eStanford University, nakuba engazange aziqedele iziqu zakhe. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kumvimbe ekuzinikeleni ekubhaleni izincwadi. Ngenkathi esebenza njengomakhi, umhleli ozimele kanye nokunye ukuhweba, wabhala izindaba ezimfushane, ama-eseyi namanoveli okwamanje aziwa njengobuciko bobuciko.
Ezinye izincwadi zikaJohn Steinbeck
Novelas
- Indebe Yegolide: Impilo kaSir Henry Morgan — The Cup of Gold (1927);
- Ihhashi Elibomvu (1933);
- KuNkulunkulu Ongaziwa (1933);
- I-Tortilla Flat (1935);
- Ngo-Dubious Battle (1936);
- Of Amagundane namadoda (1937);
- Inyanga Iphansi (1942);
- I-Cannery Row - I-Cannery Slums (1945);
- I-Wayward Bus - Ibhasi Elilahlekile (1947);
- IPearl (1947);
- Burning Bright (1950);
- EMpumalanga ye-Edene - EMpumalanga ye-Edene (1952);
- ULwesine Omnandi (1954);
- Ukubusa Okufushane Kwe-Pippin IV: I-Fabrication - Ukubusa Okufushane kukaPippin IV (1957);
- Ubusika Bokunganeliseki Kwethu - Ubusika bokunganeliseki kwami (1961);
- The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights (1976);
Izinganekwane
- “Amadlelo Asezulwini” (1932);
- "I-Long Valley" - "Isigodi Eside" (1938).
Okungelona iqiniso
- Ulwandle lwaseCortez: I-Leisurely Journal of Travel and Research - Ulwandle lwaseCortez (1941);
- Amabhomu Akude: Indaba Yeqembu Lamabhomu (1942);
- I-Russian Journal - Idayari yaseRussia (1948);
- I-Log evela oLwandle lwaseCortez (1951);
- Kwake Kwaba Nempi (1958);
- Uhamba noCharley: In Search of America (1962);
- IMelika kanye nabaseMelika (1966);
- Ijenali Yenoveli: I-East of Eden Letters (1969);
- Izinsuku Zokusebenza: The Journals of The Grapes of Wrath (1989).
Izikripthi
- Idolobhana Elikhohliwe (1941);
- Phila Zapata! (1952).