UJuan de Mena

UJuan de Mena (1411 - 1456) wayengumbhali waseSpain owaziwa ngokufuna kwakhe amagama aphakathi kwezinkondlo eCastilian. Umsebenzi wakhe owaziwa kakhulu ILabyrinth foi-rtuna, kuye izici zeculo eliqoshiwe zisobala, ziqinile kancane futhi azibonakali. Ngakho-ke, isitayela sakhe sibeka phambili okuqukethwe okuphakeme ukuze kulimaze inkulumo ejwayelekile futhi ejwayelekile.

Yize umsebenzi wakhe wenziwe izazi eziningi njengengxenye yesikhathi sangaphambi koKuvuselelwa, i-metric yayo ikhombisa "ukulayishwa ngokweqile" kwe-baroque. Ngokuqondile - ngaphandle kokuya phambili iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu - izinkondlo zikaJuan de Mena zihambisana kahle nezimpawu zemibhalo yezincwadi ezokuzi.

I-Biography

Wazalelwa eCórdoba ngo-1411, waba yintandane esemncane. Ngokusho kwemithombo efana nababhali.org, "ukungabi bikho kwemibhalo kubazali bakhe kwenza umuntu asole ukuthi unemvelaphi yokuguqula ubuJuda." Ngo-1434 waphothula iziqu zakhe e-University of Salamanca ngeziqu ze-Master of Arts. Ngo-1441, uMena waya eFlorence njengengxenye yokugcinwa kukaKhadinali de Torquemada.

Ukusuka lapho wathuthela eRoma ukuyokuqedelela ibandulo lakhe. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva wabuyela eCastile eyosebenzela uJohn II njengonobhala wezingcweti zesiLatini. Enkosini eshiwo ngenhla, uJuan de Mena unikele ngenkondlo yakhe edume kakhulu, ILabyrinth yeFortuna. Ngo-1444 waqokwa njengomlobi wezindaba zombuso, yize ezinye izazi-mlando ziphikisana nokubhalwa kwakhe kwemibhalo kaJohn II.

Izinkinga zomuntu siqu

Kunamarekhodi ambalwa athembekile nenani elikhulu lokungaqiniseki ngempilo kaJuan de Mena enothando nengasese. Phakathi kwala "mahemuhemu", kukholakala ukuthi ngesikhathi esemusha washada nentokazi evela emndenini omuhle waseCórdoba. Kodwa-ke, igama lowesifazane alikacaci ngisho nokuchazwa ngokunembile, futhi kubonakala sengathi lo mbhangqwana awuzalanga nzalo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMarina de Sotomayor ungomunye wabesifazane abahloniphekile abahlotshaniswa nembongi yaseCordovan. Kepha izazi-mlando azikaze ngazwilinye ekunqumeni ukuthi ngabe kwakusendimeni yomfazi (wesibili) unkosikazi noma isithandwa sakhe. Awekho futhi amarekhodi asemthethweni ezingane ezaziwa nguJuan de Mena.

Imbongi ikhathazeka ngokweqile ngomsebenzi wayo futhi ixhunyaniswe nezicukuthwane

UJuan de Mena wachazwa ngongqondongqondo abavelele besikhathi sakhe — phakathi kwabo kungu-Alonso de Cartagena noJuan de Lucerna— umuntu okhonze izinkondlo. Kwezinga elingaka, ukuthi izikhathi eziningi wayishaya indiva impilo yakhe ngakho. Ngokunjalo, wakha ubungani obuseduze futhi wabelana ngokuthandwa kwezincwadi nabantu abanjengo-Álvaro de Luna no-Íñigo López de Mendoza, Marquis waseSantillana.

Ngokuqondile, azungeze isibalo salesi sikhulu sokugcina UJuan de Mena wabhala Amashumi amahlanu. Kuyinkondlo esabalele kakhulu ekushicilelweni kwayo (1499), obeye aziwe njengo Ukugcotshwa kweMarquis yaseSantillana. Empeleni, isisekelo salo msebenzi sabhalwa ngephrozi, Amazwana nge-Coronation (1438).

Izinkondlo zikaJuan de Mena

ICoplas ngokumelene nezono eziyisikhombisa ezibulalayo o Ukubonisana ngokufa kwakuyinkondlo yokugcina eyabhalwa nguye. Umsebenzi waqedwa ngemuva kokufa kwakhe, ngoba uJuan de Mena wayengeke awuqede ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe eTorrelaguna (Castilla), ngo-1456. Kuze kube i-opera yakhe yokugcina imbongi yaseSpain igcine ukungaguquguquki kwesitayela, okuhambisana nezinkondlo zayo ezazingaphambi kwayo.

Izici nesitayela

• Imitha elinezinhlamvu eziyishumi nambili, elingenaso isigqi, elinokuguquguquka okuncane kanye nama-accents ayindida njalo ngamaqoqo ezinhlamvu ezingacindezelekile.
• Izinkondlo kwezobuciko obuphakeme ezinamagama asezingeni eliphakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminye yemibhalo yakhe iveza amavesi ezinhlamvu eziyisishiyagalombili eziyinkimbinkimbi efanayo.
• Amasiko nama-neologisms ngamagama alethwe ngqo evela esiLatin (ngaphandle kokulungiswa).
• Ukusetshenziswa kaningi kwe-hyperbaton, kanye nezenzo kokubandakanyekayo kwamanje nakokungapheli.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwama-archaisms ukulingana nemethrikhi.
• I-baroque rhetoric ngamabomu - ilayishwe ngokweqile - nge-amplification: i-periphrasis (i-detours noma i-evasions), i-epanalepsis, i-redundancies (i-anaphora), i-chiasms, impinda noma i-polyptoton, phakathi kwabanye.

ILabyrinth de Fortuna o Amakhulu amathathu

Yenziwe ngama-couplets angama-297 kwezobuciko obukhulu. Ngokusho kukaRuiza et al. (2004), lo msebenzi “uthathwa njengesinye sezibonelo eziphumelele kakhulu zokuthambekela okungokomfanekiso neDantean kwavela ezincwadini zaseSpain zekhulu le-XV, iLabyrinth of Fortuna ivelele ekusetshenzisweni kobuciko obukhulu, isigqi sayo somsindo nolimi oluqephuzayo nolunabile ”.

Ngaphandle kokufanekisela kwawo, ukubaluleka kombhalo kulele encazelweni ethandekayo yemicimbi yomlando efuna ukukhanga ukuthanda izwe lase-Iberia. Ngakho-ke, inhloso yembongi yaseSpain yokwenza umuzwa wobumbano lobuzwe olumele i-King Juan II iyathambeka kakhulu.

I-Chiaroscuro

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Maze wenhlanhla

Lo msebenzi ukhombisa ukuthatheka kombongi waseCordovan ngokulungiselela incwadi ehlanjululwe. Ihlukaniswa ngokusetshenziswa okuxubile kwezitanza zobuciko obukhulu (izinhlamvu eziyishumi nambili) nobuciko obuncane (ama-octosyllables). Ngokulinganayo, kokuqukethwe kwayo, imibono yomqondo ibonakala ngaphakathi komongo omnyama futhi onamandla ngokwedlulele.

Iphrozi kaJuan de Mena

Njengomsebenzi wakhe wezinkondlo, UJuan de Mena wasebenzisa isichazamazwi sesiLatin kusivumelwano sakhe. Ngalesi sizathu, indlela yakhe yokubhala yayibhekiswe kaninginingi yizazi zobuntu ezaziwa ngo-Renaissance uHernán Núñez no-El Brocense. Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla Ukugcotshwa kweMarquis yaseSantillana, umbhali waseSpain wenza ukuvumelana ne- Iliad, enesihloko Ukuthandana kukaHomer (1442).

Ngokunjalo, ezinikele eNkosini uJohn II, Ukuthandana kukaHomer yadunyiswa kakhulu futhi yaphumelela phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, ngoba yayimelela uhlobo oluhlanganisiwe lwe- Iliad okwangempela. Ngokunjalo, izazi-mlando kanye nezifundiswa ezivela ezinkathini ezihlukene zivumile ukuncoma ukulungiswa kwesandulela sale ncwadi ngomqondo wayo wobuciko ongavamile.

Enye iprozi ebalulekile kaJuan de Mena

Ngo-1445 wabhala Ukuphatha ngesihloko sikaDuke, umbhalo omfishane womlingiswa osemthethweni nowe-chivalric. UJuan de Mena wabhala lo mbhalo ukuhlonipha isicukuthwane uJuan de Guzmán, ngemuva kokubizwa ngokuthi yiNkosi uJuan II njengeDuke laseMedina Sidonia. Ekugcineni, Inkumbulo yemindeni ethile yasendulo (1448) ngumsebenzi wokugcina owaziwayo weprozi wobuhlakani baseSpain.

Lesi sakamuva ngumbhalo ohlobene nozalo lwangempela lomndeni (nezifanekiselo zawo) zikaJohn II. Ngaphezu kwalokho, UJuan de Mena walungiselela isandulela sencwadi ka-vlvaro de Luna, Incwadi yabesifazane abacacile nabaqotho. Lapho, uncoma umngani wakhe kanye nomvikeli wakhe ngokuvikela kwakhe ngesibindi labo besifazane abebekhulunywa ngenhlamba emibhalweni ehlukene yangaleso sikhathi.

Izinkondlo zikaJuan de Mena

Qhathanisa

(CVIII)

"Kuhle njengalapho omunye umenzi wobubi,

ngesikhathi lapho bejabulela obunye ubulungiswa,

Ukwesaba usizi kumenza abe yi-cobdicia

kusukela lapho ukuze uphile kangcono,

kepha seludlulile uvalo kuye,

abuyele emikhubeni yakhe yokuqala,

bangibopha kanjalo ngaphelelwa yithemba

izifiso ezifuna isithandwa sife ”.

Cula ngamaMacia

(I-CVI)

"U-Loves unginike umqhele wothando

ngoba igama lami lemilomo eminingi.

Ngakho-ke kwakungebona ububi bami obukhulu

lapho bengijabulisa ngezinhlungu zabo.

Amaphutha amnandi anqoba ubuchopho,

kodwa azihlali unomphela ngokushesha lapho zithanda;

Yebo, bangenza ngaphatheka kabi ukuthi uyakhula,

niyazi ukungaluthandi uthando, bathandi ”.