1984: UGeorge Orwell

1984

1984 —ekuqaleni yaziwa ngesiNgisi ngokuthi Ishumi Nesishiyagalolunye Amashumi Ayisishiyagalombili Nane- iyinoveli ye-dystopian nenganekwane yezepolitiki ebhalwe umgxeki waseBrithani, umbhali wezindaba, umbhali wezincwadi kanye nentatheli u-Eric Arthur Blair, owaziwa kangcono ngegama lakhe elingelona iqiniso: uGeorge Orwell. Lo msebenzi wanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1949. Le ncwadi edumile ka-Orwell yaletha ukuthandwa kwemiqondo efana neBig Brother, Newspeak kanye ne-Thint Police.

Inoveli yokuqala ye-dystopian ngempela yaba Thina (1924), nguZamyatin. Nokho, 1984 weza emakethe njengento enkulu yokuthengisa, ngisho nangesikhathi sayo, okwakwenza kwaba ubuciko bobuciko bomculo. Ngokunjalo, incwadi ka-Orwell ingenye yezimele kakhulu ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, iyingxenye ye-100 Books of the Century ngokusho kwe-Le Monde.

Amazwibela we 1984, nguGeorge Orwell

Incazelo emfushane yomphakathi wase-Orwellian

Isakhiwo senoveli senzeka ngo-1984, eLondon yekusasa. (ngesikhathi kubhalwa incwadi, kunjalo). Izwe langaphambili laseBrithani manje seliyingxenye yesifunda esaziwa ngokuthi i-Air Belt 1. Lo Mbuso, nawo, uhlanganiswe neSifundazwe esikhulu sase-Oceania. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Umphakathi waleli dolobha uhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu.

Ezokugcina yilezi: amalungu angaphandle eQembu Elilodwa, labo abangaba umbuthano wangaphakathi wephathi, futhi ama-proles (ukuncipha kwe-proletariat). Laba okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla iqeqebana labantu elivezwa njengezixuku eziyize. Laba bantu baphila ngokuzijabulisa futhi bempofu, futhi uhulumeni ubagcina benjalo ukuze kungabikho noyedwa kubo ovukela imithetho yabo yobushiqela.

Thengisa

1984 (Contemporary)

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Impi Ukuthula, Inkululeko Ubugqila, Ukungazi Amandla

Winston USmith uyindoda eneminyaka engu-39 ubudala usebenzela uMnyango Weqiniso -noma uMiniver, ku-Newspeak-, enye yezinkonzo ezine uhulumeni akwaziyo ukugcina ukubusa kwayo. Umsebenzi womlingiswa oyinhloko, futhi, wonkana, wendawo yakhe, ibhala kabusha umlando ukuhambisana nezehlakalo ezenzeka esikhathini samanje. Ngolunye usuku, ngemva kweminyaka esebenzela uMniver, uWinston uyaqaphela ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle.

Njengoba ekhuphuka izitebhisi eziholela efulethini lakhe, njalo ebona izimpawu ezibonisa Ubhuti Omkhulu, uWinston uphuza i-gin, futhi ucasha kumakhamera Amaphoyisa Acabangayo ukuze abhale encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo. Iqiniso elilula lokusebenzisa ulimi “lwakudala” lingagwebela ukufa umlingiswa oyinhloko., kodwa, okwamanje, ubonakala ungenandaba.

Ukuphoqwa nokucindezelwa

Ijabulile futhi ifihliwe, Lo mlisa waqala ukuxoxa ngezigameko ezimehlele ekuseni. WayeseNkonzweni Yeqiniso, elungiselela imizuzu emibili yenzondo eyenzeka kanye ngosuku. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, kwavela amalungu amabili eqembu, indoda enkulu nowesifazane omnyama nokhangayo boMnyango Wezincwadi.

Imizuzu emibili yenzondo ihlanganisa ukukhiqiza kabusha ubuso be Emmanuel Goldstein, ucingo "isitha sabantu". Lokhu bekukade kuyingxenye yeQembu. Nokho, wayekhaphele uhulumeni. Ngemva kokuhamba, kwakha i-Brotherhood, ingqamuzana labavukeli labantu base-Eurasia. Inkulumo yale ndoda yabangela ukuba izethameli, kokubili indoda enkulu kanye nowesifazane omnyama, ziqale ukuklabalasa, zaphuma ezingqondweni zazo.

Umdlwembe emthunzini

Kamuva, ubuso bukaBig Brother bavela esikrinini, futhi lokho kwakhulula cishe wonke umuntu ekamelweni, ngaphandle kukaWinston, owayefuna ukuziveza, nakuba kwakungenakwenzeka. Ngakho, I-protagonist yaqala ukucabanga nge-Brotherhood, futhi uma ikhona ngempela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho ebhala izinkumbulo nezifiso zakhe engazi lutho, le ndoda ayizange ibone ukuthi ibhala "Phansi ngeBig Brother."

Ukusho noma yini embi maqondana ne-Single Party kanye nendlela yokuphila yase-Oceanian kuwubugebengu obukhokha ngokuhwamuka.. Okusho ukuthi: ngokufa kanye nokunyamalala okulandelayo. Lapho eselungele ukuphumula, uhlangana nezingane zakhe, ezilondoloza isimilo esinobudlova ngempela. Khona-ke, umlingisi oyinhloko uyalala, futhi uqala ukuphupha ngabazali bakhe, udadewabo, kanye nokuhlanza kokuqala. Ukujula kobuthongo nakho kumenza aphuphe lomama omnyama.

Uthando nesifiso akuvunyelwe

1984 Kubekwe emphakathini wengcindezelo, onobushiqela ongenazwelo kubantu namalungelo abo.. Ngaphezu kwakho konke okungenhla, lokhu kungaqinisekiswa ngenxa yokubonga komunye wabalingiswa: isazi sefilosofi esikhethekile ku-Newspeak. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wale ndoda kwakuwukubhubhisa ingqondo, ukususa ulimi oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu olulotshiwe nolukhulunywayo, futhi lushintshaniswa ngamagama ayingxenye. Konke lokhu-ke kunenhloso yokuqhatha amadoda.

Mayelana nombhali, u-Eric Arthur Blair

UGeorge Orwell.

U-Eric Arthur Blair wazalwa ngoJuni 25, 1903, eMotihari, eBritish Raj. Ngokusho kwabacusumbuli bezincwadi, ungomunye wababhali abavelele kakhulu ekhulwini lama-XNUMX. Waziwa kangcono njengoGeorge Orwell, lo mbhali akadingi neze isingeniso. Iningi lamanoveli akhe agqugquzelwe yilokho abhekane nakho. Intatheli, nayo yazibonela mathupha ukushiyeka kwe-imperialism yaseBrithani, eyayimelene nayo, ivikela, yona, i-democratic socialism.

Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, Orwell Waqashelwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe wokuba yintatheli nombhali wezindaba. Nokho, iningi labantu abeza emsebenzini wakhe benza kanjalo ngamanoveli akhe. Ngomqondo wemibhalo, umbhali Uthe uthonywe kakhulu uSomerset Maugham, uJack London, uHerman Melville, uCharles Dickens noJonathan Swift..

Ezinye izincwadi zikaGeorge Orwell

Novelas

• Izinsuku zaseBurma - Izinsuku zaseBurma (1934);
• Intombi Yomfundisi - Indodakazi kamfundisi (1935);
• Gcina i-Aspidistra Indiza - Kwangathi i-aspidistra ingafi (1936);
• Eza Emoyeni - Khuphukela umoya (1939);
• Ipulazi lezilwane - Ukuhlubuka epulazini (1945).

Ukulandisa okungelona iqiniso

• Phansi nangaphandle eParis naseLondon - Akukho mhlophe eParis naseLondon (1933);
• Umgwaqo oya eWigan Pier - Umgwaqo oya eWigan Pier (1937);
• Ukuhlonipha iCatalonia - Tribute to ICatalonia (1938);

ama-eseyi

• Iphephandaba le-quarterpenny;
• Indawo yokukhosela;
• ukulenga;
• ku-trullo;
• Izindlu e- Inn;
• Rudyard Kipling;
• bulala indlovu;
• Izinkumbulo zomthengisi wezincwadi;
• Ekuvikeleni inoveli;
• Ukuthola ikhekhe leSpanishi;
• Impendulo engashicilelwe ethi 'Ababhali bathatha uhlangothi empini yaseSpain';
• Amanothi ngamasosha aseSpain;
• Kungani ngijoyine i-Independent Labour Party;
• Ukucabanga kwezepolitiki ezinkingeni;
• Intando yeningi eButhweni LaseBrithani;
• Marrakech;
• Charles Dickens;
• intsha yamasonto onke;
• Esiswini somkhomo;
• Amanothi ekuhambeni;
• Amagama amasha;
• Kumqondisi we-Tide and Tide;
• Izwe lami, kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele;
• Ibhubesi ne-unicorn: i-socialism kanye nobuhlakani baseNgilandi;
• Imikhawulo yobuciko nenkulumo-ze;
• UTolstoy noShakespeare;
• Incazelo yenkondlo;
• Imibhalo kanye nobushiqela;
• Doctor Goebbels othandekayo, abangani bakho baseBrithani badla kahle!!;
• Wells, uHitler kanye nesimo somhlaba;
• Ubuciko bukaDonald McGill;
• imali nezikhali;
• URudyard Kipling II;
• Ukutholwa kabusha kweYurophu;
• S.Eliot;
• Izinkumbulo zempi yaseSpain;
• Ingxoxo Ecatshangwayo: UGeorge Orwell noJonathan Swift;
• Ukuntuleka kwemali: iphrofayili kaGeorge Gissing;
• Imibhalo kanye nesobunxele;
• Ingabe amaSocialists angajabula?
• Abantu abangamaNgisi;
• Ilungelo lokuphatha. Amanye amanothi ngoSalvador Dalí;
• Ingabe izincwadi zibiza kakhulu?
• Raffles kanye Miss Blandish;
• Inkulumo-ze nolimi;
• u-Arthur Koestler;
• Tobias Smollet, umbhali wenoveli omkhulu waseScotland;
• Kuyajabulisa, kodwa hhayi inhlamba;
• Ama-oyster nama-stout;
• Ekuvikeleni i-PG Wodehouse;
• I-Antisemitism eNgilandi;
• Izinkondlo kanye nombhobho;
• Amanothi ngobuzwe;
• Amanothi omuntu siqu 'ngesayensi';
• Inkululeko yabezindaba;
• Ukuphindisela kuyababa;
• Ibhomu leathomu nawe;
• Iyini isayensi?;
• Izincwadi ezinhle ezimbi;
• Ukucekelwa phansi kwezincwadi;
• Ukuxolisa eziko;
• Ezombusazwe kanye nolimi lwesiNgisi;
• Umoya wezemidlalo.