Ingaba utya ntoni?
Ingaba utya ntoni? -kwaye yazi njengoko Inzululwazi kunye nesazela ukuxhathisa- yincwadi malunga nesondlo, i-dietetics kunye nokusabalalisa kwezesayensi ebhalwe ngu-epidemiologist waseSpain kunye noprofesa uMiguel Ángel Martínez González, phantsi kokukhapha intatheli yaseMadrid uMarisol Guisasola. Umsebenzi wapapashwa yindlu yopapasho yePlaneta ngo-2020. Lo nyaka uphelileyo ibingunyaka osisiseko kumayeza ehlabathi ngenxa yobhubhani we-Covid 19, isihloko esijongwe kwisicatshulwa.
Ingaba utya ntoni? yincwadi yesalathiso sesondlo, kodwa ikwabaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi eliye libhideka ngakumbi malunga nendlela yokutya ukutya okunempilo.. Enkosi ngokunyuka kweebhlog ze-intanethi kunye nemidiya yoluntu, phantse nabani na unokufikelela kwiingcebiso ze-transdisciplinary kwimpilo yoluntu. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha elifanayo, ezi ziteshi zonxibelelwano ziyingozi kubasebenzisi kunye nezigulane ngokufanayo, zinikwe umgangatho wolwazi olubhengezwayo.
Isishwankathelo se Ingaba utya ntoni?
Ingcamango yenzululwazi ngokungqongqo
Ingaba utya ntoni? Iqala nge-dialectic enomdla: "Yintoni isayensi yenyani kwaye yintoni ubuxoki". Esi sahluko sokuqala siqala nge-anecdote eyenzeka ebusheni bukaMiguel Ángel Martínez González, apho wafunda noPaco Mora Teruel kwi-laboratory ye-Neurobiology ye-Faculty of Medicine yaseGranada.
Utitshala kunye nomfundi bazama ngeempuku, apho bafaka umnqwazi ngeplagi yabasetyhini eyenza ukuba i-electrodes yabo ingene ngaphaya kwengqondo yesilwanyana. Isiphumo saba sisivuseleli sobuchopho kumzekelo. Kwimizuzu kamva, "ngethuba", isilwanyana safumana i-lever kwindawo yaso.
Ukuba uvavanyo luphumelele, i-vertebrate yaqala ukuzivuselela.. Kamva, uMichelangelo oselula wabuza umcebisi wakhe enoba le mpuku yayilikhoboka leziyobisi kusini na. Ngenxa yoku, uPaco Mora waphendula wathi: “Musa ukuthetha ngolo hlobo, Miguel. Siyazi kuphela ukuba isilwanyana sifumana ukomelezwa okulungileyo. Akusekho nto ingathethwayo. Ulongezelelo luqikelelo nje olungento yanto, kwaye asiyonzululwazi leyo.
Ukugxekwa kwe-pseudoscience
Esinye sezona zihloko zihlabayo kwaye ziphikisanayo Ingaba utya ntoni? isekuqalekeni kwayo. Phakathi kwabo, Ugqirha wenza ukugxeka okuqinileyo kwishishini lamachiza kunye namazwe amakhulu yezixhobo zempilo, ukongeza i-pseudosciences.
Ikwanika ugxininiso olumandla ekunqongophaleni kobungqongqo bezenzululwazi obulandelwa ziimpawu zamachiza.. Ikwajolise kwabanye oogqirha abavolontiya ukuba babhale amanqaku axhasa ezi mveliso ngemali.
Ngowama-2020, unyaka eyabhalwa ngawo le ncwadi, ungqamana nobhubhani we-Covid 19 (SARS-CoV-2). Ngelo xesha, inani leempapasho zonyango kwi-Intanethi landa kakhulu. Ngokukwanjalo, inani lilonke lamayeza ekucingelwa ukuba angummangaliso, anako ukunyanga intsholongwane nolunye uthotho lwezigulo ezithwaxa abantu, liye landa. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi mveliso azivunywanga ziingcali ze-epidemiologists, ezigxekwa ngumbhali.
Indlela yokwahlula phakathi kwenzululwazi kunye ne-pseudoscience?
UMiguel Ángel Martínez González uyaqinisekisa ukuba, ukuze kuqatshelwe ukuba yintoni na. isayensi yokwenyani, kuyimfuneko ukujonga ukuqina kunye nobulumko eli sebe lolwazi lenziwa ngalo. “Kumalunga nokuhlala kuphela kunye noko kuxhaswe yidatha yenzululwazi enenjongo. Abanye kufuneka bagxothwe,” utshilo umbhali. Ukuqiqa ngokwenzululwazi kufuneka kungabi nalucalu-calulo, kwaye oku akwenzeki kwi-pseudoscience, ikakhulu enxulumene neentelekelelo.
nayo, Ugqirha uyaqinisekisa ukuba i-epidemiology yeyona nto ilungileyo yokuchasa i-pseudoscience. Kutheni? : "Ngenxa yokuba, kule ngqeqesho, nasiphi na isigqibo kufuneka sisoloko sivavanywa ngokubhekiselele kubo bonke ubungqina besayensi obukhoyo ngaphambili, obufuna iinyanga ezininzi zokugxila kunye nomsebenzi."
Ngokufanayo, ithi i-epidemiology yezondlo esemgangathweni ayinakwenziwa ngaphandle kokwazi amayeza. Le yokugqibela isanda kwenzeka kwimakethi ebanzi ye-pseudoscientific.
Kuya kufuneka ulumke ngabashicileli
Ghostwriters ngababhali abaqeshwe ukuba babhale phantsi kwesazisi somnye umntu. Igama lalo mbhali lihlala lingaziwa, kungoko i-epithet umbhali wesiporho, okanye "Umbhali wesiporho”. Ngokutsho kukaMichael U-Ángel Martínez González, ayingabo bonke abantu ababhala ngamayeza okanye isondlo kwiingcali kule mimandla. Oku kukhokelela kulwazi oluninzi olungeyonyani kunye nokungaqondani aphoswe kubaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo.
Kulo mbandela, umbhali ubonisa ukuba isazi semetascient saseMntla Melika safikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwamandongomane kunciphisa iimeko zentliziyo.. Oku akuyonyani ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa akukho phando lwezenzululwazi lokungqina oko.
Kwelinye icala, ukongeza ekugxekeni i-pseudoscience, ugqirha unikeza izixhobo zokutya kunye nemiyalelo ecacileyo ukuziqhelanisa nokutya kweMeditera ngokuchanekileyo.
Malunga noMbhali,
UMiguel Angel Martinez Gonzalez
UMiguel Ángel Martínez González wazalwa ngowe-1957, eMalaga, eSpeyin. Wakhulela kwinucleus yentsapho ezinikele kwimfundo kunye nokusebenza kwesayensi. UVictoria González, unina, wayengumfundisi-ntsapho waseMalaga, ngoxa uManuel Martínez, uyise, wayengugqirha waseAlmería okhethekileyo kwisifundo seswekile. UMiguel Ángel unesidanga sobugqirha kwi-epidemiology evela kwiYunivesithi yaseNavarra. Ukongeza, ufundisa iiklasi kwi-Preventive Medicine kunye neMpilo yoLuntu.
Martinez Gonzalez uGqr. ukwasebenza njengonjingalwazi wezondlo kwiHarvard TH Chan School of Public Health. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, uphumelele iimbasa ezininzi ngomsebenzi wakhe njengogqirha, ukongeza kuphando lwakhe, iipostulates, amanqaku, kunye neencwadi nge-epidemiology kunye nempilo yoluntu. Ukuvunywa kwakhe kwamva nje ukuza kuthi ga ngoku yiMbasa yeSizwe yoPhando kaGregorio Marañón (2022).
Ezinye iincwadi zikaMiguel Ángel Martínez González
- I-biostatistics enobuhlobo (2014);
- I-PREDIMED, ziphathe ngokutya okunempilo (Kunye noAna Sánchez-Taínta kunye noBeatriz San Julián) (2015);
- Impilo ngokuqinisekileyo: iingcebiso zobomi obunempilo (ngaphandle kokuwela kwimigibe yoshishino) (2018);
- Impilo iyavutha. Ugqirha wangaphakathi kunye nogqirha wezifo ezijongene nobhubhane (ebhalwe kunye nomntakwabo uDkt. Julio Martínez González, internist) (2021);
- ISalmon, iihomoni kunye nezikrini: Ukonwabela uthando lokwenyani olubonwa kwimpilo yoluntu (2023);
- 4S: Elula & Nesiphukuphuku & Stata & Isishwankathelo (Uguqulelo lweKindle).