Umbambisi kwiRye.
Umbambisi kwirye yinoveli ngumbhali waseMelika u-JD Salinger. Isihloko sayo sokuqala ngesiNgesi, Umbambisi kwiRye, Ingaguqulelwa kwakhona njenge "Umgcini kwicandelo lengqolowa." Nangona abanye abapapashi baseSpain-Amerika beguqulele igama lencwadi njenge "Umzingeli ofihliweyo." Oku phakathi kweencwadi ezilungileyo zoncwadi lwaseMelika.
Ukupapashwa kwayo ngo-1951 kwabangela impikiswano eMelika ngenxa yolwimi olucacileyo malunga nokuziphatha ngokwesini kunye noxinzelelo lokufikisa. Okwangoku, le ncwadi yamkelwe kakuhle ngabagxeki boncwadi, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Akumangalisi ukuba ukuza kuthi ga ngoku iikopi ezingaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-65 zalo msebenzi zithengisiwe.
Malunga nombhali, uJD Salinger
UJerome David Salinger wazalelwa eNew York ngoJanuwari 1, 1919. Wayengoyena mncinci kubantwana ababini bomtshato phakathi kukaSol noMiriam Salinger. Utat'omkhulu kayise wayengumrabi owayeneshizi ebonakalayo kunye neshishini lokungenisa ngaphakathi. Umama wakhe owazalelwa eScotland walifihla kakuhle ilifa lakhe lobuKatolika ngexesha apho ukutshata kwakungathathelwa ingqalelo.
Kwakungekade kube ibar mitzvah encinci kaJerome apho wafunda ngenkolo kanina. Kwelinye icala, uSalinger-obizwa ngegama likaSonny zizalamane zakhe-wayefunda kwiSikolo iMcBurley, kufutshane nekhaya lakhe kwi-Upper West Side ye-NY. Ngaphandle kweempawu zakhe zobukrelekrele, wayengengomfundi olungileyo. Ke ngoko, abazali bakhe bagqiba kwelokuba babhalise kwi-Valley Forge Military Academy eWayne, ePennsylvania, ngeenjongo zokumqeqesha.
Imfundo ephezulu
Emva kokugqiba i-Valley Forge, uSalinger wabhalisa kwiYunivesithi yaseNew York. Kunyaka olandelayo, utata wakhe wagqiba kwelokuba amthumele eYurophu kangangeenyanga ezisithoba. Injongo yolu hambo lwe-transatlantic yayikukufunda ezinye iilwimi nangobudlelwane beshishini. Kodwa uJerome wakubeka phambili ekufundeni ulwimi ngaphezu kweshishini.
Emuva eMelika, uSalinger wavavanywa kwiKholeji yase-Ursinus ePennsylvania ngaphambi kokuthatha iiklasi zangokuhlwa kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia. Apho, uNjingalwazi Whit Burnett angabutshintsha ubomi bakhe ngenxa yesikhundla sakhe njengomhleli kwiphephancwadi ibali. UBurnett waziva iitalente zokuyila zikaSalinger kwaye waququzelela ukupapashwa kwakhe kwangoko, hayi kwi ibali, nakwimithombo yeendaba eyaziwayo efana Collie's y NgeMigqibelo yoMgqibelo.
Inkonzo yezelizwe
USalinger wakhonza kwi-US Army ukususela ngo-1942-1944. Ngethuba lomsebenzi wakhe omfutshane emkhosini wayeyinxalenye yeziganeko ezibini zemfazwe: Uhlaselo lwaseNormandy kunye neMfazwe yaseBulge. Nangona kunjalo, akazange ayeke ukubhala, ngakumbi malunga nomlinganiswa ophambili wenoveli entsha: inkwenkwe egama linguHolden Caulfield.
JD Salinger.
Imfazwe yambangela ukuba ahlaselwe luvo lwasemva koxinzelelo. Ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe esibhedlele wadibana nebhinqa laseJamani, uSylvia, awayetshate naye iinyanga ezisibhozo kuphela. USalinger utshatile okwesibini ngo-1955 kuClaire Douglas, intombi yomgxeki wobugcisa waseBritane uRobert Langdon Douglas. Njengomphumo womtshato wakhe wesibini (owaqhubeka iminyaka engaphezulu kweshumi), abantwana bakhe uMargaret noMatthew bazalwa.
Upapasho lwe Umbambisi kwirye
Ukusukela ngo-1946 uSalinger wayezama ukupapasha inoveli awayeyibhala ngexesha lomkhosi wakhe, ekugqibeleni, ngo-1951 Umbambisi kwiRye wakhululwa. Incwadi yafumana uphononongo oluqinisekileyo, nangona amanye amazwi abiza umlinganiswa ophambili (u-Holden Caulfield) "ngumgqugquzeli ohanahanisayo" wokuziphatha okubi. Nangona kunjalo, ekuhambeni kwexesha umsebenzi waba yinxalenye yomxholo woncwadi waseMelika.
Umbambisi kwirye kuye kwaba ngumxholo wezifundo ezingenakubalwa kwihlabathi liphela kwisimboli esivezwe nguSalinger kulo msebenzi. Phakathi kwabo, uJana Šojdelová ovela kwiYunivesithi yaseJihočeská (kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseCzech) kwithisisi yakhe Umfuziselo kwiCatcher kwiRye nguJD Salinger (2014). Ngokukodwa, uŠojdelová uqaqambisa umbono kaHolden "wokusindisa umntwana wakhe ongaphakathi enzonzobileni yokuvuthwa kunye nemingxunya yokuba mdala."
Indlela yokuphila eyahlukileyo
Kwiminyaka emibini emva kokupapashwa komsebenzi, umbhali wafudukela kwilifa leehektare ezingama-90 eCornish, eNew Hampshire. Injongo yakhe yayikukukhokelela kwindlela yokuphila kude nokugculelwa koluntu. Ngaphandle koku, ubomi bukaSalinger babuxakwe yimpikiswano ngenxa yesimo sakhe kunye nolawulo. Ngesi sizathu, umfazi wakhe wesibini, uClaire Douglas, wafaka uqhawulo-mtshato ngo-1966.
Kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva, uSalinger wathandana noJoyce Maynard. Ngubani oza kubonakalisa ngokudelela ukungqubana kwabo kwiinyanga ezili-10 zokuhlalisana eCornish, e The New York Times Imagazini (1998). UMargaret (intombi yakhe) wazibonakalisa ngendlela efanayo ngo-2000. Kamva, uJD Salinger watshata umfazi owayegula ogama linguColleen O'Neil, owahamba naye de kwasekufeni kwakhe, okwenzeka ngomhla wama-27 kuJanyuwari ngo-2010.
Iqonga kunye nabalinganiswa abaphambili be Umbambisi kwirye
Isakhiwo sijikeleza imixholo emine esisiseko: ukwahlukana, ukwahlulwa, ukwahlulwa kunye noxolelwaniso. Ngokwabafundi baseTshayina uJing Jing noJing Xia, uSalinger uveza imeko enokubambeka njengoko kwakungagqitywanga ngayo ngelo xesha. Imalunga nokuphikisana phakathi kokungabikho kobumoya kuluntu lwaseMelika kunye nemfuno yokumisela indlela yokuziphatha.
Ke ngoko, umlinganiswa ophambili ngumfanekiso wombhali uqobo kunye nenyani yolutsha lwaseMelika kwiminyaka yama-50. Umbono we-protagonist unyanzela ukuba abaleke rhoqo kwindawo engalunganga ukuya kwenye njengoko ubunyani bezo ndawo busanda. Ekuqaleni, uzahlula-hlula kwindalo kaPencey Preep ngenxa yokwala kwakhe izinto ezingafunekiyo- ngokokubona kwakhe - iStradlater kunye neLackey.
Uhambo lukaHolden Caulfield
Ngexesha lokubalekela eNew York, ucinga ngeendlela zokudibanisa nabantu abadala, kodwa emva koko uziva ehlukanisiwe sisigqibo sakhe. Ngenxa yoko, u-Holden odidekileyo uyamcekisa umfanekiso wakhe, kunye nendawo ahlangana kuyo. Phakathi kwesizungu, uCaulfield ukholelwa ukuba akanakuphila kwaye uthatha isigqibo sokuzahlula kwilizwe lakhe elifanelekileyo. Ewe, imeko-bume engaphandle ayinakuze ilingane nolindelo lwakho.
Ke uHolden usebenza ngokungathi ubomi ngumdlalo onemithetho, abaphumeleleyo kunye naboyisiweyo. Ke ngoko, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kukuxabisa ubomi njengotshintsho oluqhubekayo apho wonke umntu edlula khona. Kuphela kuxa imeko yakhe yokuzenzakalisa ichaphazela uFebe wakhe amthandayo amkela ukukhula kwakhe. Ekugqibeleni, u-Holden uyaqonda ukuba uxanduva "lwabantu abakhulu" alubandakanyi ukucoceka okanye ubumsulwa bomntwana ongaphakathi.
UFibhi Caulfield
Phambi kokuba uPebeebe Caulfield angene kwindawo, umlinganiswa ophambili uneengcinga ezicacileyo malunga nehlabathi kunye nokuzimela kwabantu abadala. Kuyabonakala ukuba le meko yenziwe yahlanganiswa phakathi kwehlabathi elimnandi lobuntwana (apho uHolden afuna ukuhlala khona) kunye nokuhanahanisa okukhohlakeleyo kwabantu abadala. Kodwa uPhoebe wenza impikiswano kaHolden, nangona evumelana nombono wakhe wokungafuni ukukhula.
Lo dade uneminyaka emithandathu emncinci- ubona ukukhula njengenxalenye yenkqubo yendalo. Usebenza njengengqina elinokuthenjwa kubafundi kuba umazi kakuhle umntakwabo. Icala lakhe ebalini libonisa ubuthathaka bombalisi. Ngentliziyo, u-Holden ungumntu oselula onosizi kwaye ongakhuselekanga, odinga uthando kunye nenkxaso. Inqaku kumyuziyam ekupheleni kwencwadi liqinisekisa ukukrokra: ubonakala emdinga ngaphezulu kunokuba emfuna.
UMnu Antolini
Ungumntu omdala oziphethe ngokusondeleyo kumbono kaHolden ngenxa yobuntu bakhe obungaqhelekanga. Umnumzana Antolini akathethi noHolden ngegunya likatitshala, njengoko esenza uSpencer. Ngokuchasene noko, uyavuma kwiminxeba yakhe ezinzulwini zobusuku kwaye akayikhalimeli inkwenkwe ngokunxila okanye ukutshaya, emqonda ukuba wahlukile kwabanye abafundi. Ke ngoko, kuvela uvelwano oluthile
Umnumzana Antolini uthatha u-Holden waya naye kwigumbi lakhe elimdaka, apho azisa khona inkosikazi yakhe endala kwaye etyhila iingxaki zakhe zokusela. Kukho-kwisenzo ekuqaleni esichazwe gwenxa njengesiqhelo sesini-uMnu Antolini uchukumisa ibunzi lika-Holden ngelixa inkwenkwe ilele. Kodwa kamva (kwisahluko 19) u-Holden akakhululeki xa enokujamelana nobufanasini… ukhathazeka malunga nombono wokuba li-gay.
Iimpawu kunye neesimboli Umbambisi kwirye
Umkhethe kunye neengcinga zesondo ezingapheliyo
Ukuqala ngokuphuma kwakhe ePencey, u-Holden uneengcinga zesondo rhoqo. Kwenye yeendinyana, u-Holden unentloni xa uSunny ethatha ilokhwe yakhe kwaye ehleli ethangeni lakhe. Naxa udadewabo omncinci othandekayo emwola ngokufanelekileyo, uphawula ukuba mhlawumbi ngamanye amaxesha unothando kakhulu. Inguquko ka-Holden ifikelela kumzuzu ophambili xa ekhalaza ngokungxama ukugweba uMnu.Antolini.
Le mpazamo ibaluleke kakhulu kuye, ke ngoko, uqala ukubuza umkhwa wakhe wokugweba abanye ngokukhawuleza. U-Holden uyaqonda ukuba nokuba uMnu.Antolini ulifanasini, akulunganga kakhulu ukumgxotha, njengoko unjingalwazi naye enobubele kwaye enesisa. Ukuqukumbela, u-Holden uyabuqonda ubunzima buka Mnu Antolini ... nabanye abantu baneemvakalelo.
Ingoma Comin 'Thro iRye
Isihloko sencwadi sivela kutoliko lukaHolden ngengoma Comin 'Thro iRye. Uyeva (engalunganga) "ukuba umzimba ubambe umzimba uya kwi rye", xa inyani ithi "ukuba umzimba ufumana umzimba oya kwi-rye". Ngamanye amagama, u-Holden uyaphosisa ukubona i-lyric njengesiqendu esibhekisa "ekubambiseni ubuntwana elunxwemeni" lotshintsho.
Ngokwenyani, le ngoma ibonisa ukuba ngaba kulungile ukuba abantu ababini bahlangane ngothando ebaleni, befihlakele ebantwini. Ngokukwanjalo, amazwi eengoma Comin 'Thro iRye ayibuzi ukuba ingaba izithandani ziyabandakanyeka na. Ke ngoko, ingoma iyathetha ngokudibana okuqhelekileyo kwezesondo, hayi "ukubamba" ubuntwana ngaphambi kokuba mdala njengoko uHolden ekholelwa.
Umnqwazi obomvu ka Holden
Ibonisa ubuwedwa, kunye nomnqweno we-protagonist wokwahluka kwabo bamngqongileyo. Kwangokunjalo, umnqwazi obomvu ufuzisela oyena ndoqo ungquzulwano lwangaphakathi luka Holden: umnqweno wokuzahlula phambi komnqweno wokufuna inkampani. UCaulfield akazange akhankanye ngokucacileyo intsingiselo yomnqwazi wakhe, kuphela ngamagqabantshintshi ngokubonakala kwawo okungaqhelekanga.
IMyuziyam yeMbali yeNdalo kunye neeDada zaseCentral Park
Imyuziyam ibonisa izinto ezigcinwe nguHolden njengoko efuna ukuhlala: zifriziwe ngexesha, azitshintshanga. Kwelinye icala, ukuthanda ukwazi kwe-protagonist ukwazi ukuba amadada aya phi ngexesha lasebusika kutyhila elona cala lakhe lobuntwana. Ayisiyonto encinci, ukufuduka kweentaka kubonisa utshintsho njengezinto ezibalulekileyo kubomi bobomi.
JD Salinger ucaphula.
Ilifa
Ngokutsho kwesango Ibhayografi.com, Umbambisi kwiRye kwaphawula ikhosi entsha kuncwadi lwaseMelika emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Umbambisi kwiRye wenza uJD Salinger waba ngomnye wababhali abanempembelelo kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX kulwimi lwesiNgesi. Ababhali abaziwayo abanjengoPhillip Roth, uJohn Updike noHarold Brodkey, phakathi kwabanye, bakhankanye uSalinger njengenye yezona ngxelo zabo zibalaseleyo.