Susan Sontag

Kwinkcubeko yaseMelika yangoku kukho amanani ambalwa anomsebenzi oyimpumelelo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa kunye nemveliso yoncwadi njengoSusan Sontag. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, ubukrelekrele obumangalisayo baseNew York bobukhokho bamaJuda yayingumbhali, intanda-bulumko, umlweli-mkhosi ochasene nemfazwe, umlawuli wefilimu, umvelisi wethiyetha, umbhali wesikrini, kunye nomfundisi-ntsapho.

Kanjalo, Inkalo yoncwadi kaSontag yayiyeyona yamkelwa kakhulu ngenxa yeenoveli zakhe, amabali amafutshane, iitekisi ezingeyonyani kwaye, ngakumbi, kwizincoko zakhe ezigxekayo.. Akuzange kube lilize, umsebenzi wakhe wahlulwa kunye neBhaso laseJerusalem Loncwadi (2001), iNkosana yaseAsturias yeeLeta (ekwabelwana ngazo, ngo-2003) kunye neBhaso loXolo loRhwebo lweeNcwadi lwaseJamani (2003).

I-Biography

USusan Sontag wazalwa ngoJanuwari 16, 1933 eNew York, NY, eMelika. Ukhulele kwintsapho yamaJuda yaseMelika ekhokelwa nguJack Rosenblatt, umrhwebi woboya owasweleka (ngesifo sephepha) eTshayina ngo-1938. yena nodade wabo uJudith batshintsha ifani xa umama wabo, uMildred Jacobsen, watshata noKapteni woMkhosi woMoya uNathan Sontag. e 1945.

Izifundo kunye nemisebenzi yokuqala

Ngenxa yesifuba sikaSusan esincinci, usapho lwanyanzeleka ukuba lufuduke eNew York luye kwezinye izixeko ezinemozulu eshushu. Usapho lakwaSontag lafudukela eTucson, eArizona ngaphambi kokuba lizinze eLos Angeles. Ngaphaya, Waphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo saseNorth Hollywood ngo-1948. Emva koko waqala imfundo yakhe ephakamileyo kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley.

Kwi 1949, USontag watshintshelwa kwiDyunivesithi yaseChicago, wathweswa isidanga isidanga sebhatshela kwiFilosofi (1951). Ethubeni, uSontag wafumana izidanga ezimbini zemasters kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard, uncwadi lwesiNgesi (1954) kunye nePhilosophy (1955). Ngokufanayo, iinkcuba-buchopho zaseMerika zafundisa iNtanda-bulumko kwizindlu ezahlukahlukeneyo zemfundo ephakamileyo—ngaphandle kwezo zimbini sele zikhankanyiwe—njengeYunivesithi yaseParis neYunivesithi yaseOxford.

Umtshato kunye nobudlelwane bomntu

Ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe e-Illinois, u-Sontag oneminyaka eli-17 ubudala utshatile isazi sezentlalo kunye nomgxeki wenkcubeko uPhillip Rieff, emva kwe-idyll yeentsuku ezilishumi kuphela. Umanyano lwathatha iminyaka esibhozo kwaye wazala unyana, uDavid Rieff, okwangoku umhlalutyi owaziwayo wezopolitiko, intatheli kunye nomgxeki wenkcubeko. Iqabane lakhe elilandelayo-phakathi ko-1957 no-1958-yayingumbhali kunye nemodeli yamagcisa uHarriet Sohmers.

Kwakhona, uSontag wayeliqabane lombhali wemidlalo waseCuba-waseMelika uMaría Irene Fornés. Obu budlelwane buya kuba ngundoqo ekuqalisweni okusesikweni ekubhalweni kwabo bobabini; kwimeko kaSusan, yangqamana nokupapashwa kwe UMboneleli (1963). Emva koko, umbhali waseMelika wagcina ubudlelwane phakathi kokuphela kwe-70s kunye nokuqala kwe-80s kunye nembongi yaseRashiya uJoseph Brodsky.

Iminyaka edlulileyo

Kwi 1976, USontag kwafunyaniswa ukuba unomhlaza wamabele. amava anzima yonyango lwakho ibonakala ibonakalisiwe ngokuqaqambileyo etyaleni Ukugula kunye neengqungquthela (zicaciswe kamva kwi Isifo sikagawulayo nezikweko). Ngeli xesha, iingqondi zaseNew York zazisele zikhokele iifilimu ezininzi kwaye zabizwa ngokuba lilungu leAmerican Academy of Letters.

Kwi 1988, USontag wadibana nomfoti uAnnie Leibovitz, awayethandana naye de kwasweleka uSusan. Ekugqibeleni, i-myelodysplastic syndrome awayenayo yakhokelela kwi-leukemia yaza yabangela ukufa kwakhe ngoDisemba 28, 2004. Nangona wayegula kunye noxinzelelo lweendaba, akazange ayeke ukulwa nemfazwe kwiminyaka yakhe yokugqibela.

Uhlalutyo lweencwadi zikaSusan Sontag

Izihloko eziphononongiweyo

1964, umbhali waseMerika wapapashwa "Amanqaku enkampini", isincoko ngokugxila ngokukodwa kuluntu lwama-gay eYurophu nase-United States. Lo msebenzi wamkelwa kakuhle kakhulu ngabagxeki abakhethekileyo kwaye ubonisa uninzi lweempawu zesitayile sikaSontag. Oko kukuthi, indlela enzulu yefilosofi kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yomxholo ophathwayo kunye nefuthe kwinkcubeko yanamhlanje.

Ingqondo yaseMelika nayo Wabhala malunga nethiyetha, i-cinema kunye namanani afana nombhali uNathalie Sarraute, umlawuli uRobert Bresson kunye nomzobi uFrancis Bacon. Ukongeza kokugxeka kunye neengcamango, wabhala izikripthi kwaye wahlela ukhetho lweetekisi nguRoland Barthes no-Antonin Artaud. Eminye yemibhalo yakhe yokugqibela kunye neentetho zaqokelelwa kuyo Ngexesha elifanayo: Izincoko kunye neeNtetho (2007).

imibhalo ephikisanayo

Umsebenzi kaSontag wawuzaliswe yimpikiswano. Ngaloo ndlela, abagxeki bakhe ngokukhethekileyo balatha kwiingxelo zakhe zobupolitika ezixhasa oorhulumente bamakomanisi ngeminyaka yee-60 neyee-70. Xa kujongwa umxholo weMfazwe Yomlomo welo xesha—nangona watshintshayo emva koko—uvelwano olunjalo “kwiintshaba zaseMelika” lwabangela uqhushululu kumajelo eendaba.

Ngapha koko, Umbhali waseNew York wahlala ekhuselekile kwintiyo. Ngapha koko, uqhubekile nokupapasha izicatshulwa ezingezizo ezenyani ezazixoxwa kakhulu ngawona macandelo alondolozayo ezopolitiko kunye noluntu lwaseMelika. Phakathi kwezi mpapasho, gqama Apho Uxinzelelo Lwengqondo (2001) kunye Ngokuphathelele Intlungu Yabanye (2003).

Imibulelo kunye nokuzibophelela okuchasene nemfazwe

Uninzi lwee-portal zoncwadi ze-Anglo-Saxon ziqikelela ukuba UAlice ebhedini (1993) sesona siqwenga sibalaseleyo kwikhondo lomsebenzi likaSontag. Nangona kunjalo, eyona ndlela yakhe yeqonga yayikhumbuleka kakhulu Ukulinda uGodot, nguSamuel Beckett, eSarajevo ngexesha leMfazwe yaseBalkan. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, wenziwa ummi obekekileyo waseSarajevo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, USontag ufumene i Ibhaso leNcwadi leSizwe (iMbasa yeSizwe yeeNcwadi) kwinoveli yakhe In America (2000). Nangona kunjalo, elo bhaso alizange limthintele ekufumaneni ukugxekwa ngokuqatha ngokuchasa uhlaselo lomkhosi wase-US kuMbindi Mpuma. Ngenxa yoko, wayejolise kwiphulo elichasene neenkampani ezixhasa okanye ezipapasha imibhalo yakhe.

Isicatshulwa kudliwanondlebe lukaSotang noRolling Stone

Olu dliwano-ndlebe lwenziwa ngowe-1978. Kuxoxwe kancinane kuyo yonke into, kodwa kugxininiswa ngakumbi kumava akhe akutshanje ngomhlaza.. Phakathi kwezimvo ezibonisiweyo, oku kubonakaliswa nguSotang kugqamile:

«Into endiyifunayo kukuba ndibekho ngokupheleleyo ebomini bam, ukuba kwindawo endikuyo, ndifane nam ebomini bam, ndinike ingqwalasela yam epheleleyo kwihlabathi. Kwaye ndinguye ifakiwe ehlabathini Andinguye ihlabathi, ihlabathi alifani nam, kodwa ndikuyo kwaye ndiyinikele ingqalelo. Nantso into eyenziwa ngababhali: nikela ingqalelo kwihlabathi. Kuba ndichasene kakhulu nombono we-solipsistic wokuba ufumana yonke into entloko yakho. Akunjalo, kukho ihlabathi lokwenyani ngaphandle, nokuba ukulo okanye awukho. "

Umsebenzi obhaliweyo kaSusan Sontag (ngeSpanish)

Novelas

• umncedi (1963);
• ityala lokufa (1967);
• umthandi wentaba-mlilo (1992);
• EMelika (1999);

Ibali

• mna njl (1977).

Isincoko kunye nezinye izicatshulwa ezingezizo ezenyani

• Ngokuchasene nokutolikwa kunye nezinye izincoko (1966);
• Izitayile zeRadical (1969);
• Malunga nokufota (1977);
• Ukugula kunye neengqungquthela (1978);
• Ngaphantsi komqondiso we-saturn (1980);
• Isifo sikagawulayo nezikweko (1988);
• Ngokubhekisele kwintlungu yabanye (2003).

Iimpapasho zasemva kokufa

• Ngaxeshanye. Izincoko kunye neenkomfa (2007);
• umba wogxininiso (2007). Uvavanyo;
• iidayari zakuqala (2011)
• Ingxelo. amabali aqokelelweyo (2018). Ukuqulunqwa kwamabali;
• Isazela sibotshelelwe kwidyokhwe yenyama. iidayari ezikhulayo (2014).