Marianela

Marianela (1878) yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezibhaliweyo zombhali waseSpain uBenito Pérez Galdós (1843 - 1920). Esi siqwenga sivelela ubuchule balo mbhali ekudalweni kwabalinganiswa ababhinqileyo, uphawu oludunyiswe ziimbali-mlando kunye nabahlohli abazinikele ekufundeni ngaye. Ubunzulu bengqondo yomlinganiswa ophambili kule ncwadi ukhwaza olu hlobo lombhali. Esi sihloko yayiyenye yeenoveli zakhe zokugqibela zethisisi, ababengaphambi komjikelo wangoku wombhali waseSpain.

Soloko ethe ngqo, iyinyani, iyamangalisa, iyacinga kwaye ineengxoxo eziphefumlelweyo zakudala, Marianela Ibonakalisa yonke imizila yempawu zombhali ngelifa elingenakulinganiswa. Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba, uGaldós wayelilungu leRoyal Academy ukusukela ngonyaka ka-1898 kwaye wayelilungu leBhaso likaNobel loNcwadi ngo-1912. Okwangoku, waziwa njengoyena mbhali ubalaseleyo kulwimi lwaseSpanish, emva koCervantes.

Umbhali

Wabhaptizwa phantsi kwegama likaBenito María de los Dolores Pérez Galdós, wazalwa ngoMeyi 10, 1843, eLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, eSpain. Nangona kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo obomi bakhe wayeqaqambile njengezopolitiko, umbhali wemidlalo edlulileyo kunye nembali, ukubhala yayiyinto awayeyibalulekile. Ngomsebenzi wakhe waba ngumqondiso wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yenoveli yaseSpain.

Ubuntwana kunye nokufikisa

UBenito wayeyinxalenye yosapho olukhulu kakhulu. Wayengumntwana weshumi emtshatweni phakathi kukaColonel Sebastián Pérez Macías kunye noDolores Galdós Medina. Esemncinane, uyise wamenza wayewathanda amabali zembali kwaye wabalisa ii-anecdotes ezingapheliyo zomkhosi apho yena ngokwakhe wayelwe khona.

Wafunda izifundo ezisisiseko eColegio San Agustín kwidolophu yakhe, iziko elinokufundisa ngoovulindlela ngexesha lalo. Ngexesha lokufikisa kwakhe wasebenzisana (ngokusebenzisa izincoko, imibongo kunye namabali) kunye nephephandaba lendawo, Ibhasi. Ngo-1862 waphumelela isidanga sobuGcisa kwiziko laseLa Laguna eTenerife.

Iincwadi, iimpapasho zokuqala

NgoSeptemba 1862 wafudukela eMadrid kwaye wabhalisa eyunivesithi eyokufundela umthetho. Nangona, ngokwamagama kaGaldó ngokwakhe Iinkumbulo zokulibala (Ngo-1915), wayengumfundi owayethe saa, othanda ukungabikho Kwikomkhulu Wayehlala rhoqo "kwindibano yaseCanarian" nakwiintetho e-Athenaeum, apho wadibana nomhlobo wakhe ekudala ekho, uLeopoldo Alas, uClarín.

nayo, kwiiForno kunye neeSuizo cafes the I-Galdós encinci watshintshiselana ngezimvo ngeengqondi kunye namagcisa ngeloxesha. Phakathi kwabo, uFrancisco Giner de los Ríos -Umsunguli we-Institución de Libre Enseñanza- wamkhuthaza ukuba abhale kwaye amazise nge Krausism, umkhwa okhoyo kwiimpapasho zakhe ezalandelayo.

Imisebenzi yobuntatheli, uhambo lwaphesheya kunye nokupapashwa kokuqala

Ukususela ngo-1865 waqala ukubhala kwimidiya enje La Nación, Ingxoxo-mpikiswano y Ijenali ye-European Intellectual Movement. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva wenza uhambo lwakhe lokuqala eParis njengomnxibelelanisi kwiHlabathi yeHlabathi. Ekubuyeni kwakhe waphonononga imisebenzi kaBalzac noDickens, ukusuka kokugqibela awayekuguqulele Amaphepha emva kweKlabhu yasePinwick (epapashwe kwi La Nación).

Ukubuya kwakhe kutyelelo lwesibini phesheya ngo-1868, wasebenza kwimibhalo enolwazi malunga nokusekwa koMgaqo-siseko omtsha emva kokubhukuqwa kuka-Elizabeth II. Incwadana yakhe yokuqala, Umthombo wegolide (1870), iya kuba sisiqalo soku Trafalgar (1873) incwadi yokuqala Iziqendu zeLizwe. Ngolu ngcelele, wehla kwimbali yeeleta zaseSpain njengo "mbhali waseSpain."

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Uphi uBenito Pérez Galdós?

Umsebenzi kaGaldós

UGaldós ungomnye wababhali ababalaseleyo kwimbali yolwimi lwaseSpain. Kuphela Iziqendu zeLizwe (Ngo-1873 - 1912) uhambisa ii-46 zokuhanjiswa, epapashwe kuthotho ezintlanu kwimiqulu elishumi nganye. Lilonke, ubukrelekrele baseCanarian bagqibezela phantse iinoveli ezilikhulu, badlula imidlalo engamashumi amabini, kunye nezincoko, amabali kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.

Kuwo wonke umkhondo wokuhamba kwayo kwavela kwimijikelo eyahlukeneyo okanye kwiindidi zoncwadi (kulowo nalowo washiya izihloko ezikhulu), imalunga:

• Iinoveli zethisisi (1870-1878). Iinoveli ezisi-7; phakathi kwezona zidumileyo Mfazi ogqibeleleyo (1876) kunye Marianela.
• Iinoveli zangoku - umjikelo wemicimbi (1881 - 1889). Iinoveli ezili-11; emi phakathi kwabo UGqirha Centeno y UFortunata noJacinta (1886-87).
• Iinoveli zangoku - umjikelo wokomoya (1890 - 1905). Iinoveli ezili-11; ukuba Inceba (1987) eyona idumileyo phakathi kwabo.
• Iinoveli zentsomi (1909 kunye ne-1915). Iinoveli ezi-2.

Izixhobo

Kumsebenzi kaGaldós, ubume bokwenyani bobuchwephesha obufunyenwe ngokuthe ngqo kunye nesimbo sendalo buyabonakala, ikakhulu kwiingxoxo zempembelelo yeklasikhi. Ngokulinganayo, Ulwimi lwakhe (ikakhulu) lokuthetha ngokuvumayo luyavuma ezinye iindinyana ezinamabinzana acwangcisiweyo, embindini wamabali ashiya igumbi loburharha kunye nesigqebelo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuma okuqinileyo ngokuchasene nabefundisi kubonakala ubukhulu becala okanye kancinci ngaphakathi kwimibhalo kaGaldós. Ngapha koko, le ndlela yokucinga yamzisela intiyo yamacandelo amaKatolika alondolozayo, akwaziyo ukonakalisa ngempumelelo ukutyunjwa kwakhe kwiBhaso likaNobel.

Marianela  kunye nobunzulu babalinganiswa

Umbalisi lomntu wesithathu ugxininisa umdla wengqondo malunga nelungu ngalinye lomsebenzi. Ukuthi ngqo, Abafazi bakaGaldós babonisa ubuhle kunye nobunzima behlabathi, kwiimeko ezihlala zivavanya ukuthembeka nokunyaniseka komntu ngamnye kuvavanyo. Kule meko, ophambili Marianela Ibandakanya uthando kunye nendalo (kwintombazana engathandekiyo kodwa enentliziyo enkulu).

Kwakhona, I-rapporteur yeenjongo ilungele ukuhambisa ukucinga kombhali ngumahluko phakathi kweeklasi zentlalo kunye nokuziphatha okwamkelekileyo kwexesha. Ngendlela efanayo, kukho ukuhambelana okugqibeleleyo phakathi kweempawu zabalinganiswa bakhe ngokubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwemimandla kunye neembonakalo zomhlaba.

Uhlalutyo Marianela

Ungayithenga inoveli apha: Marianela

Inoveli yenziwe ngezahluko ezingama-22, ezinezihloko ezichaza isitayile se-picaresque yaseGaldós (esenza ukuba amabali akhe athandwe kakhulu). Umzekelo, "VII: Ububhanxa obuninzi"; "VII: Ububhanxa buyaqhubeka" ... Ngokudibeneyo, ukwakhiwa ngokubanzi kwesicatshulwa kwahlulwe kwintshayelelo, phakathi, isisombululo kunye nepilogue.

Isiqendu

Incwadana iqala ngokuchazwa kwemihlaba kwindlela eya ekumbeni kukaSocrates, kufutshane neAldercoba, kumantla eSpain. Pha, UTeodoro Golfín —ugqirha owayebalasele ngamehlo — wakhenketha loo ndawo ekhangela umntakwabo uCarlos, owayephethe imigodi. Ufike engalahlekanga ngenxa yombulelo kuPablo, isikhokelo esathi, nangona singaboni, sayichaza nzulu imbonakalo yomhlaba.

UPablo wayeyazi kakuhle le ndawo ngenxa yesikhokelo sakhe, uNela, inkedama eneminyaka eli-16 ubudala Ngobuntwana bokubonakala komntu onobubele kakhulu. Wayenobomi obubuhlungu kakhulu kwaye wayengondlekanga kakuhle ngaphambili. Ngelo xesha wayethathwe lusapho lakwaCenteno. Nangona kunjalo, kwezi nyanga zidlulileyo wayevuya kakhulu kunye nesithandwa sakhe uPablo, awayehamba naye ebaleni rhoqo emva kwemini.

Phuhliso

UDon Francisco Penáguilas, Utata kaPablo soloko efuna intuthuzelo kunye nemfundo ebalaseleyo kunyana wakhe, Ngubani owayephindaphinda iimvakalelo zikaMarianela (Nela). Ngaphandle koku, woyika akufunda ngethemba (elikude) lokuba amehlo kaPablo angaphola emva kongenelelo lukaGqirha Golfín. Emva koko, uFrancisco wamxelela iindaba umntakwabo uDon Manuel Penáguilas.

Lo mva wathembisa ukuba xa umsebenzi uphumelele, uya kutshata intombi yakhe uFlorentyna kumtshana wakhe. Ngaxeshanye, Ukufuna ukwazi kukaPablo kwamenza wanomdla wokucinga ngobuhle. Wayeqinisekile ukuba uNela wayengumzekelo wobuhle, ngokuchasene nembono yabanye. Ewe, akukho mntu wayithandabuzayo intliziyo entle kaNela, kodwa bayithandabuza imbonakalo yakhe ebuthathaka kunye neerhabaxa.

Intlungu kaNela

Kungekudala ngaphambi kotyando, uDon Manuel kunye nentombi yakhe uFlorentina, intombazana entle kwaye enobubele, bafika edolophini. Ngapha koko, UPablo wanyanzelisa ukuba afune ukutshata uNela. Nangona kunjalo, umgama phakathi kwabo wawungenakuphepheka kuba emva kotyando, usapho lukaDon Francisco beluphethe ukhathalela uPablo.

Zihambile iintsuku, wonke umntu edolophini ebethetha ngempumelelo yalo msebenzi. UPablo wayebona kwaye eyona nto wayeyithanda kakhulu yayikukukhetha ubuhle bukaNela. Kodwa le ntombazana ihlwempuzekileyo yoyika ukwaliwa kunye nedolophu yaseCelipín, unyana omncinci wosapho lakwaCenteno. Nangona kunjalo, uFlorentina wanika uNela ikhaya lokwenyani nosapho lakwaPenánguilas kwaye wamchazela ngeminqweno kaPablo.

Iziphumo

UNela walile uhlobo lwesipho sikaFlorentyna. Lixinezelekile, eli bhinqa liselula laqalisa ukuchitha iintsuku zalo ehlathini de uTeodoro wamfumana ekwimeko embi kakhulu kwaye wamnyanzela ukuba amxelele lonke ibali lakhe. Emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa, uFlorentina wayenakekela uNela owayebuthathaka kwaye edidekile kwikhaya lakwaPenánguilas.

Emva kwemini, UPablo weza ngokungalindelekanga xa wayetyelele ngelixa uFlorentina ethunga ilokhwe kaNela. Umfana wamangaliswa bubuhle bomzala wakhe kwaye waqala ukumdumisa. Nditsho noPablo-ebutyeshela ubukho bukagqirha kunye "nenye intombazana" kwigumbi- uthe urhoxile kwimvakalelo yothando ngoNela kwaye ngoku wonwabile ngomtshato wexesha elizayo noFlorentina.

Ukuvala

Egqalwa ziintlungu, ubomi obunobuzaza kunye nokudakumba, uNela wanyamalala kwimizuzu embalwa de wasweleka. Kwakungaphambi koko, uPablo wakwazi ukumchonga xa wakwazi ukumbamba ngesandla wamjonga emehlweni. "Usweleke ngenxa yothando" utshilo ugqirha. Ekugqibeleni, uFlorentina wagqiba kwelokuba amnike owona mngcwabo mhle ukubonakalisa umbulelo wakhe ongunaphakade kuNela.

Abanye abantu belali bade bathi, "Ubonakala emhle ngoku" (ukuba ubhubhile). Ngapha koko, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, wonke umntu kuloo ndawo wayelibele ngoMarianela. Isibini esikhulileyo sasemzini saza sabuza ingcwaba lomfazi ohloniphekileyo kwaye mhle, u-Doña Mariquita Manuela Téllez (Nela).