UDostoevsky

UFyodor Dostoyevsky (1821 - 1881) Wayengumbhali wenoveli waseRussia onobunzulu bobuchwephesha obamenza ukuba abe ngumbhali onempembelelo kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Wayekwangumbhali webali elifutshane owaziwayo, umhleli, kunye nentatheli, ekwazi ukutshintsha izithunzi ezimnyama zentliziyo yomntu ngamathuba angenakuthelekiswa nanto okukhanya.

Izimvo zakhe ziphawule nzulu iintshukumo zala maxesha, ubukho, itiyoloji kunye nokugxekwa kuncwadi, kunye nezikolo ezininzi zengqondo. Kwangokunjalo, umsebenzi wakhe uthathwa njengesiprofeto ngenxa yokuchaneka awuchaze kwangaphambili ngokunyuka kwabavukeli baseRussia.

Ukunyuka komnye wababhali abakhulu ngalo lonke ixesha

Ezona ziganeko zibalulekileyo kubomi bukaDostoyevsky - ukubulawa kwabantu abasebenza ekuthinjweni eSiberia kunye neziqendu zokuxhuzula ziyaziwa njengemisebenzi yakhe.. Ngapha koko, wasebenzisa ithuba leziganeko ezininzi ebomini bakhe ukongeza ubunzima kubalinganiswa bakhe.

Umxholo womsebenzi wakho

NgokukaGary Saul Molson (IEncyclopedia Britannica, 2020) uninzi lweziganeko ezijikeleze umbhali waseRussia zihlala zingacacanga. Ngokuchasene noko, ezinye iingqikelelo ezingabalulekanga zamkelwe njengezinyani ezinokuthenjwa zobukho bayo. Kwelinye icala, uDostoyevsky wahlukile kwabanye ababhali baseRussia (njengoTolstoy okanye uTurgenev) kwimeko yomsebenzi wakhe kwiindlela ezimbini ezisisiseko.

Kuqala, wayesoloko esebenza ephantsi koxinzelelo kumatyala amaninzi afunyenwe ngenxa yokungcakaza kwakhe kunye neengxaki zosapho.. Okwesibini, uDostoyevsky wahlukana nenkcazo eqhelekileyo yeentsapho ezintle kunye ezizinzileyo; Endaweni yoko, wabonisa amaqela amabi, ajikelezwe ziingozi. Kwangokunjalo, uDostoyevsky wahlalutya imiba- eyayinempikiswano ngelo xesha- njengokungalingani kwezentlalo kunye nendima yabasetyhini kuluntu lwaseRussia.

Usapho, ukuzalwa kunye nobuntwana

UFyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky wazalelwa eMoscow, eRashiya, ngoNovemba 11, 1821 (Okthobha 30 kwikhalenda kaJulian). Wayengowesibini kubantwana abasixhenxe phakathi kukaMikhail Dostoyevsky (isidwangube saseDarayóve), owayeyinzalelwane yaseBelarusian, kunye noMaria Fiódorovna, umfazi osisityebi osuka kusapho lwabarhwebi baseRussia. Ubunini bukayise-ugqirha kwisibhedlele saseMoscow sabasweleyo-wangqubana kakhulu nobumnandi kunye nemfudumalo kamama ovumayo.

Ukufikisa

Kuze kube ngo-1833, uFyodor osemncinci wayefundiswe ekhaya. Ngowe-1834, yena nomntakwabo uMikhail wangena Chermak zokubhoda kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Umama wakhe wasweleka ngenxa yesifo sephepha ngo-1837. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, utata wakhe wabulawa ngabakhonzi bakhe (kamva uDostoyevsky wabhengeza) ngokuziphindezela ngenxa yobuzwilakhe. Umnyhadala oneempawu ezininzi zeentsomi ekukhanyeni kwabanye ababhali-mbali.

Uqeqesho kwinqaba ye-Military Academy

Ngelo xesha, abazalwana Dostoevskogo wayesele abafundi eSt Petersburg Military Academy iinjineli., elandela umkhondo katata wakhe. Kuyabonakala ukuba uFyodor waziva engonwabanga ngexesha loqeqesho oluphezulu. Ngobunzima bomntakwabo-owayengoyena mhlobo wakhe usondeleyo- waqala ukungena kwizifundo zothando nokubhala kweGothic.

Ngaphandle kokuthanda kwakhe ukubhala, uDostoyevsky wayengenangxaki kwizifundo zamanani ngexesha loqeqesho. Kwakungekho nasinye isiphazamiso sokufumana umsebenzi akuba ephumelele; ufumene isikhundla kwiSebe Lobunjineli Bomkhosi. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko intombi yakhe u-Aimée Dostoyevsky (1922) watshoyo, ngaphandle koxinzelelo lukayise owayephethe gadalala, into engamashumi amabini anayo uFyodor wayenenkululeko yokusebenzisa ubizo lwakhe.

Impembelelo

Impembelelo yombongi waseJamani uFriedrich Schiller uyabonakala kwimisebenzi yakhe yakuqala (ayigcinwanga), UMaria stuart y Boris Gudunov. Kwakhona, kula manyathelo okuqala, UDostoyevsky wayenombono wababhali abanjengoSir Walter Scott, uAnn Radcliffe, uNikolay Karamzim, kunye no-Aleksandr Pushkin. Ewe, utyelelo lukaHonoré Balzac eSaint Petersburg ngo-1844 yayisisiganeko esibalulekileyo, ehlonipha yena, I-Eugenia Grandet.

Ushicilelo lokuqala loncwadi

Kwakuloo nyaka mnye wawushiya umkhosi ukuba azinikezele ngokubhala kuphela. Kwiminyaka engama-24, u-Dostoyevsky wanyathela kwinqanaba lezoncwadi laseRashiya kunye neveli yakhe yokubhala Abantu abahluphekileyo (1845). Kolu papasho, umbhali waseMoscow wenza ukuba ubuntununtunu bakhe kunye nesimbo esinyanisekileyo sicace. Wada wazuza udumo ngumgxeki owaziwayo wokubhala u-Belinsky, owamazisa kwi-elite yengqondo kunye ne-aristocratic St.

Ukuphazamiseka kukaDostoyevsky kwavelisa ubutshaba kwabanye ababhali abancinci baseRussia (njengoTurgenev, umzekelo). Ngesi sizathu, ilandela lakhe liyasebenza-Iphindwe kabini (1846) Ubusuku obuMhlophe (1848) kunye UNiétochka Nezvánova (1849) -ufumene iimpendulo ezimbalwa ezimbi. Le meko yamkhathaza kakhulu; Inxalenye yendlela awasabela ngayo kuxinzelelo yayikukujoyina amaqela e-utopian kunye ne-libertarian ideology, ekuthiwa-nihilists.

Intlekele njengamafutha

Iziqendu zokuxhuzula

U-Dostoyevsky wahlutha ukuqala kwakhe eneminyaka elithoba. Ziya kuba ziziqwengana zobomi ebomini bakhe. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwee-biographer ziyangqinelana ekubonakaliseni ukusweleka kukatata njengesiganeko esibi kumfanekiso wakhe wezonyango. Umbhali waseRussia ubuchaze ubukrakra bala mava ukucacisa abalinganiswa bakhe beNkosana uMushkin (Isidenge, 1869) kunye neSmerdiákov (Abazalwana bakaKaramazov, 1879).

eSiberia

Kwi 1849, UFyodor Dostoyevsky wabanjwa ngabasemagunyeni baseRussia. Watyholwa ngokuba yinxalenye yeyelenqe likaPetrachevsky, Umbutho wezopolitiko ngokuchasene noTsar Nicholas I. Bonke abo babandakanyekayo bagwetyelwa ukufa, kunye nezigwebo eziguqulweyo- ngokoqobo- phambi kodonga. Ukubuya, uDostoyevsky wagxothelwa eSiberia ukuya kwenza umsebenzi onyanzelekileyo kangangeminyaka emihlanu, eyindlongondlongo kunye nenkohlakalo.

Ngokuka-Aimée Dostoyevsky, utata wakhe "uxele ngesizathu esithile ukuba abo bagwetyelweyo bebengabafundisi-ntsapho bakhe." Ngokuthe ngcembe uDostoyevsky wasebenzisa iitalente zakhe kwinkonzo yobukhulu baseRussia. Ngaphezu koko, wayezigqala njengomfundi kaKristu kunye nomchasi oqinileyo we-nihilism. Yiyo loo nto uDostoyevsky engasayi kuphinda afune ukwamkelwa yiYurophu iphela (nangona engakhange ayidelele), endaweni yoko wayelincoma ilizwe leSlavic-Mongolian.

Umtshato wokuqala

UDostoyevsky wakhonza njengenxalenye yabucala kwinxalenye yesibini yesigwebo sakhe e-Kazakhstan. Apho, waqala ubudlelwane noMariya Dmítrievna Isáyeva; ngo-1857 batshata. Kungekudala emva koko, uxolelo olunikezwe ngu-Tsar Alexander II wabuyisa isihloko sakhe sobungangamsha, ngenxa yoko, wakwazi ukuyipapasha imisebenzi yakhe. Okokuqala ukuvela Iphupha lomlambo y IStenpánchikovo kunye nabemi bayo (bobabini ukusukela ngo-1859).

Ubudlelwane phakathi kukaDostoyevsky kunye nenkosikazi yakhe yokuqala babunomoya ovuthuzayo ukutsho nje oku. Wayeyicaphukela iTver, isixeko ababehlala kuso uninzi lwonyaka wabo wesithathu nowesine betshatile. Ngelixa wayeqhele indawo yeengcungcu yommandla, yena-ngokuziphindezela-waqala ukuthandana nomfana osencwadini. Ekugqibeleni, uMariya wavuma yonke into kumyeni wakhe (kubandakanya nezinto awayezithanda), wamhlazisa embindini wepati.

Ukungcakaza kunye namatyala

Ngo-1861, uFyodor Dostoyevsky waseka eli phephancwadi vremya (Ixesha) kunye nomkhuluwa wakhe uMikhail, emva nje kokuba bemvumele ukuba abuyele eSaint Petersburg. Apho wapapasha Ukuthotywa kunye nokukhubekiswa (1861) kunye Iinkumbulo zendlu yabafi (Ngo-1862), eneempikiswano ezisekwe kumava akhe eSiberia. Kunyaka olandelayo wenza iphulo lokuya eYurophu ngeJamani, France, England, Switzerland, Italy kunye ne-Austria.

Ngexesha lohambo lwakhe, u-Dostoyevsky walukuhlwa ngumdlalo omtsha wamathuba avele kwiindawo zokungcakaza zaseParis: i-roulette. Ngenxa yoko, wabuyela eMoscow ekwindla ka-1863 njengongenamali kwaphela. Ukongeza isithuko ebubini, vremya kwavalwa ngenxa yenqaku malunga nemvukelo yasePoland. Nangona kunjalo, kunyaka olandelayo wapapasha Iinkumbulo zomhlaba ongaphantsi kwiphephancwadi epoja (Ixesha), iphephancwadi elitsha apho wayesebenza njengomhleli kunye noMikhail.

Amashwa alandelayo

Kodwa ilishwa laphinda lamthwalisa umthwalo, njengoko waba ngumhlolokazi ngasekupheleni kuka-1864 kwaye kungekudala emva kokusweleka komkhuluwa wakhe, uMikhail. Ngesi sizathu, wawela kuxinzelelo olunzulu ngakumbi nangakumbi kumdlalo, waqokelela amatyala amaninzi (ngaphandle kwama-ruble angama-25.000, ethathwa ngenxa yokufa kukaMikhail). Ke Dostoevsky wagqiba kwelokuba abalekele phesheya, apho ivili le-roulette laphinda lamfumana.

Ukudalwa koncwadi phantsi koxinzelelo

Ukungcakaza kuka-Dostoyevsky (kunye ne-naivety) kwabangela ukuba ababolekisi bamlandele de kube sekupheleni kweentsuku zakhe. Wabuyela eSt.Petersburg ngo-1865 eyokushicilela enye yezona zinto azenzayo, Ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezohlwayo. Kwilinge lokuhlawula iiakhawunti zakhe, watyikitya isivumelwano kunye nomshicileli uStellovski ngo-1866. Amawaka amathathu eeruble ezichaziweyo aye ngqo ezandleni zabatyalwayo.

Umtshato wesibini

Ikhontrakthi yokushicilela ibeka emngciphekweni amalungelo kwimisebenzi yayo ukuba iyalibazisa ukuhanjiswa kwinoveli kwakuloo nyaka. NgoFebruwari 12, 1867, watshata no-Anna Grigórievna Snítkina, oneminyaka engama-25 emncinci. Wayengumdlali we-stenographer onomdla owayeqeshelwe ukuyalela Umdlali (1866) kwiintsuku nje ezingama-26. Ngexesha lomtshato wabo (kunye nokubaleka ababolekisi), abo batshatayo bahlala eGeneva, Switzerland.

Ngenxa yolu manyano, uSonia wazalwa ngoFebruwari 1868; okubuhlungu kukuba, umntwana usweleke eneenyanga ezintathu. UDostoyevsky waphinda waba lixhoba lomdlalo kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba ahambe nenkosikazi yakhe kukhenketho olufutshane lwase-Itali. Ngo-1869 bafudukela eDresden, idolophu ekwakuhlala kuyo intombi yabo yesibini, uLiuvob. Kwakuloo nyaka kwabakho ukumiliselwa kwe IsidengeNangona kunjalo, uninzi lwemali ephakanyiswe yincwadi yenoveli yaya kuhlawula amatyala.

Iminyaka edlulileyo

Ngexesha le-1870s, uDostoyevsky wapapasha inani elikhulu lemisebenzi eyamqinisekisa njengomnye wababhali bembali. Ayisiyiyo iRussia kuphela, kodwa ivela kwihlabathi liphela. Ezinye zeziza kunye nabalinganiswa abaphuhlisiweyo bakhuthazwa ziziganeko ezibhalwe ngabantu kunye neziganeko zopolitiko ezashukumisa iRussia.

Ngaphandle Umyeni ongunaphakade (Ngo-1870), ezinye iincwadi zabhalwa zaza zapapashwa emva kokubuyela kukaDostoyevsky eSaint Petersburg ngo-1871. Apho wazalelwa unyana wakhe wesithathu, uFyodor. Nangona le minyaka ilandelayo yayinoxolo lwezoqoqosho, iingxaki zesifo sokuwa sikaFyodor M. zaba mbi ngakumbi. Ukufa konyana wakhe wesine, u-Aleksei (1875-1878) wachaphazela ngakumbi umfanekiso wobubi wombhali waseRussia.

Ushicilelo lwamva nje lukaFyodor Dostoyevsky

• Iidemon. Inoveli (1872).
• Ummi. Ngeveki (1873-1874).
• Idayari yombhali. Imagazini (1873-1877).
• Ukufikisa. Inoveli (1874).
• Abazalwana baseKarámazov. Inoveli - wayenokugqiba icandelo lokuqala kuphela (1880).

Ilifa

UFyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky wasweleka ekhayeni lakhe eSaint Petersburg ngoFebruwari 9, 1881, ngenxa yesifo semiphunga esasibangelwa sisifo sokuwa. Umngcwabo wakhe wawuzinyaswe ngabantu abadumileyo kunye nabezopolitiko abavela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kunye nabona bantu babalaseleyo babhala ngexesha laseRussia. Kwaye kamva wachaza umhlolokazi wakhe, u-Anna Grigorevna Dostoyevsky - umsitho wahlanganisa inani elincinci labancinci.

Ngale ndlela, nkqu nabachasi bakhe bezimvo bahlawula imbeko kwingqondi yaseRussia. Akumangalisi ukuba uDostoyevsky wakwazi ukuphembelela inani elikhulu lezithandi zobulumko, izazinzulu okanye ababhali bokugqitha kukaFriedrich Nietzsche, uSigmund Freud, uFranz Kafka noStefan Zweig, phakathi kwabanye. Umsebenzi wakhe ngowendalo iphela, nelifa elinokuthelekiswa nelikaCervantes, uDante, uShakespeare okanye uVíctor Hugo.