Inkosikazi yokusa.
Inkosikazi yesifingo Sisiqwenga somculo esenziwe yiSpanish Alejandro Rodríguez Álvarez (Waziwa ngcono phantsi kwegama lesigaba uAlejandro Casona). Sithetha ngokumntwiswa kokufa ngomfanekiso womfazi omhle kakhulu kwaye ongaqondakaliyo. Oqhekeza esifubeni sosapho ukuguqula ubomi bawo onke amalungu alo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lo msebenzi ngumzekelo "wedrama njengesimbo sokubhala". Nangona kunjalo, abo babhalela iitafile ngokuqinisekileyo bacinga ngokuqokelela. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphaya kokwahluka okubonakalayo konxibelelwano, ngokusisiseko akukho mahluko mkhulu kakhulu. Njalo injongo kukuxelela amabali kwaye ushiye into kubabukeli (endaweni yabafundi kwezi meko).
IDramaturgy njengesimbo sokubhala
Ukusuka eGrisi yakudala ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, Itheyetha khange ibenalo ukhuphiswano njengomboniso wobugcisa okhethwe luluntu ukungena kwamanye amazwe ngendlela yoluntu. Uncwadi luyathandwa yedwa. Kwelinye icala, umdaniso kunye nomculo -kuba zizinto ezidityanisiweyo- bafuna ulonwabo ngokujikeleza kwezinye iindlela.
Iminyaka eyi-120 edlulileyo
Ukufika kwihlabathi le-cinematography ngo-1895 kwazisa utshintsho kwi "model ephezulu". Kwiminyaka elishumi yesibini yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, umboniso bhanya-bhanya waba “sisiyobisi ebantwini” ngokokuzonwabisa. Ubugcisa obuboniswayo buthe chu bancitshiselwa kwiindawo ezivaliweyo. Nangona isimanga kwabaninzi, baye bakwazi ukusinda kule nkulungwane iphelileyo.
Ngokufanayo, kwiileta zaseMelika zaseMelika yeqonga ayiphulukani namandla ayo nangaliphi na ixesha. Abadlali abadlalayo baye baqhubeka nokushukumisa abaphulaphuli ngeetekisi ezihambahamba ngaphandle komda ukusuka kwi-crude ukuya kwezona nzulu zononophelo zefilosofi okanye ubukho bohlalutyo. Ngaphakathi kolu didi lokugqibela luyavela Inkosikazi yesifingoNgu-Alejandro Casona.
Sobre el autor
Le Asturian yazalwa ngo-1903 yaza yabhaptizwa njengo-Alejandro Rodríguez Álvarez, yeyakwisizukulwana esidumileyo sama-27. Intshukumo yokuziqonda yababhali baseSpain, iimbongi kunye nababhali bemidlalo yeqonga abathathe indawo yoncwadi lwaseIberia malunga nowe-1927. Injongo yakhe yayikukuqinisekisa omnye wemifuziselo yeGolden Age kunye "notata" wecurteranismo, ULuis de Góngora kunye noArgote.
ICasona iphuhlise uninzi lomsebenzi wakhe eLatin America. Umkhuseli weRiphabliki, wanyanzelwa ukuba awele iAtlantic kungekudala ngaphambi kokuba uloyiso lwemikhosi ekhokelwe nguFrancisco Franco Ngexesha leMfazwe yamakhaya. Wadlula eColombia, eVenezuela naseCosta Rica ngaphambi kokuhlala ixesha elithile eMexico. Nangona kunjalo, iBuenos Aires yayisisixeko apho avelisa khona owona msebenzi wakhe ubalaseleyo.
Inkosikazi yesifingo: ekhethiweyo
Inkulumbuso kwikomkhulu laseArgentina ngo-1944, Umbhali odlalayo akazange afihle ukuthanda kwakhe kwesi sihloko kuyo yonke indalo yakhe yobugcisa. Ngokuhambelana, ithathwa njengobugcisa bokwenyani ngabaphengululi abaninzi belo hlobo. Isiqwenga sinezinto ezicacileyo zemidlalo yaseshashalazini kunye neesesthetics zasemaphandleni, ezinemfashini kakhulu kwiLatin America kwisiqingatha sokuqala sowe-1900.
Ukongeza, lonke ibali libhalwe ngesibindi ngezinto eziyimfihlakalo kunye (phantse) nezinto ezintle. Ukongeza, imfihlakalo kunye nedosi elungileyo ye-melodrama kunye nehlaya zimela ukubambeka kwegolide. Iseti eqinileyo egcina abaphulaphuli bebotshelelwe ezihlalweni zabo, belinde ukufumana yonke inyani.
Isishwankathelo se Inenekazi lokuKhanya
Usapho olusebenzayo, lwakonwaba kakhulu kwaye lonwabile, ngokobungqina babalinganiswa balo. Kodwa ukusweleka kuka-Angelica — oyena mdala kwiintombi zikaMama- kwazisa ukulila okungapheliyo. Uncumo lwalungavumelekanga nangona wonke umntu esenza iinzame zokufumana amandla amatsha. Ngaphandle komzali osentlungwini yedwa, owoyikayo ukuba "ukuqhubela phambili" yindlela yokulibala.
Ngokwenyani, imfihlo igcina yonke inyaniso ifihliwe, yaziwa kuphela nguMartín, umhlolo. Ke, umhambi ufika kwikhaya losapho. Ubukho bakho buba sisixhobo sokususa ingubo yentlungu kwaye uphinde unike uthando. Umlinganiswa naye ophila eyakhe into eyothusayo, efumanisa iinkalo zehlabathi ezingaziwayo kuye de kube lelo xesha.
Uhlalutyo Inkosikazi yesifingo
Umbhali usebenzisa isenzi esingqalileyo nesenziwe ngekhonkrithi, ebhenela kwimihombiso emincinci ngohlobo lweeqhulo ezingahlawulelwayo ukugcina ulungelelwaniso lwebali. Idityaniswe nokulula okucacileyo- akukho lula ukufezekisa- idrama yosapho isetyenziswa njengesona sizathu sigqibeleleyo sokuqonda ngobomi nokufa.
Umlinganiso
Ukufa asiyontsomi kwintetho Inkosikazi yesifingo, ngumntu ophambili. Ungumfazi ogcwele iimvakalelo zokwenyani, engazi ngoxinzelelo lwakhe olubangelwa kukuwenza umsebenzi wakhe ngokufanelekileyo. Ukungazi kwabantwana abadinga uncumo kuvula iingcango zeentliziyo zabo.
Ekugqibeleni, umvuni omdaka uyazifumanisa njengesiqwengana sayo yonke into eyenzekileyo emhlabeni. Uyinxalenye yomlinganiso ogqibeleleyo wobomi, le yokugqibela iqulethwe ngomnye umfazi oneemvakalelo. Ujongene nokwenza lo msebenzi ubelwe ukufa, kodwa umva.
Yitsho nje into efunekayo
Indawo yemidlalo yeqonga ifuna ukuthetha okuninzi ukuhambisa iimvakalelo kumbukeli. Xa kuziwa kwimidlalo yeedrama ezineempikiswano kwimida yobukho bezinto ezikhoyo, ababhali baba semngciphekweni wokuphelisa isithukuthezi kubaphulaphuli babo ngeengxoxo ezininzi.
Ubume bomsebenzi
Ukulula okucetywayo ngokuqokelela Kugqitywe nguCasona kwi-libretto yakhe -kunye nesakhono sakhe esele sikhankanyiwe sokwenza into entsonkothileyo ukuba ibonakale ivumela ibali ukuba lidlule ngaphandle kokubola ngamandla alo nangawuphi na umzuzu. Inceda kakhulu ukugcina ulwakhiwo lwezinto ezine apho isiqwenga sahlulahlulwe saba lula kunye nobushushu.
Iimbongi zika-Aristotle zazisebenza kwimfezeko. Ukunyusa amandla ngaphandle kwengxwabangxwaba, phantse kungabonakali. Kude kube kufike uvuthondaba kunye necatharsis yayo ebalulekileyo. Inkululeko, uxolelo kunye nenkululeko kubalinganiswa. Iimpendulo zababukeli.
Ukufa noloyiko
Umbhali odlalayo uyenza icace into yesibini (kwabo babukeli bangakwazi ukuyifumana kwasekuqaleni) ukuba dissertation kuthethwa ngokufa. Kodwa kukho umxholo ongezantsi onobuntununtunu ngasemva: uloyiko. Ayisiyi kufa nje kuphela, kodwa ikukuphila.
Caphula ngo-Alejandro Rodríguez valvarez.
Ngaphandle kokuwela "kwintetho yokuziphatha" (icandelo eliqhelekileyo kwindawo elungileyo yeedrama ze-costumbrista) UCasona unobuganga bokuqaqambisa amandla okukhubazeka kwale nto. Alunamsebenzi xa kuziwa ebomini. Ngokulinganayo ukufa. Akunakwenzeka ukuba ube noxolo ngaphandle kokulwa noloyiko lwakho; nokuba ivelaphi igenesis yazo.
Indawo yemidlalo yeqonga?
UAlejandro Casona wabuyela eSpain ngeminyaka yoo-1960. Imbuyekezo esetyenziswa ngurhulumente kaFranco njengophawu lokuvula. Oku kwamvumela ukuba abonise umsebenzi wakhe "ekhaya". Wavuna zombini izinto azithandayo nangazithandiyo ngomlinganiso olinganayo. Abaninzi bathi ixabiso layo. Wabekwa ekuphakameni komnye wabantu bexesha lakhe: UFederico Garcia Lorca, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ababhali bemidlalo yaseSpain.
Akukho inani elincinane abagxeki kunye noluntu ngokwalo wambiza ngoludala. Ingxenye yokubandezeleka inokufunyanwa ngokuchanekileyo kumfazi wesifingo. Nangona abasetyhini ingabo banika ubomi kwaye bayimithombo yothando, bakwanoxanduva lokubandezeleka okukhulu. Ngaba ekuphela kwendlela yokuhlangulwa ngumoni (umbhali akaze alisebenzise eli gama) kukufa (ukuzibulala)?