Lope de Vega: engobomi

ULope de Vega lelinye lamagorha oncwadi ngolwimi lwesiCastilian. Igama lakhe—kunye nabantu abadumileyo abanjengoCervantes, uQuevedo, uGóngora noMolina, phakathi kwabanye—ngomnye wabalinganiswa bento ebizwa ngokuba yiSpanish Golden Age. Le nkulungwane (eyayingaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ukusuka ku-1492 ukuya ku-1681) ithathwa njengeyona inenkqubela phambili yobugcisa kunye noncwadi eSpain.

Ebizwa ngokuba yi "Fénix de los Ingenios", wayesazi indlela yokuphumelela ukuqatshelwa kwe-aristocracy yaseSpain yelo xesha ngaphandle kweengxabano zakhe.. Ngaphezu koko, azikho iziganeko ezimbalwa ezazinxamnye nemilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni awayebandakanyeke kuyo. Ngelo xesha, wayesaziwa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo zakhe njengomnqobi, umfundisi, umhloli kunye nomlobi ocebileyo (wagqiba imibhalo engaphezu kwewaka).

Ukuzalwa, usapho, ubuntwana kunye nolutsha

NgoNovemba 25, 1562 (abanye ababhali-mbali babonisa ukuba yayinguDisemba 2) UFélix Lope de Vega y Carpio weza emhlabeni, esifubeni sentsapho ethobekileyo ehlala eMadrid.. Abazali bakhe, inzalelwane yeentaba zeCantabrian, yayinguFélix de Vega—umfundisi-ntsapho—noFrancisca Fernández Flórez. Wayenabantakwabo abane: uFrancisco, uJuliana, uLuisa noJuan.

NgokukaSan Sebastián Archive, bekukho oodade ababini abangakumbi: uCatalina noIsabel. Kwelakhe icala, UVega wachitha ubuntwana bakhe eSeville, kunye nomalume wakhe —umhloli wesixeko saseAndalusi—uDon Miguel Carpio. Emva koko, wabuyela eMadrid xa wayeneminyaka elishumi ubudala ukuba aqalise umyalelo onelungelo kwi-Colegio Imperial.

Umntwana oyinkwenkwe

El EPhoenix yaseWits wayengumntwana oqaqambileyo ngokwenene; kwasebuncinaneni bakhe wayesele ekwazi ukufunda iSpanish nesiLatini (ukongeza ekuguquleleni le yokugqibela). Ngelo xesha wagqiba ukubhala kwakhe kwangethuba (ingakumbi amahlaya afana nala Umfundisi weHyacinth, umzekelo). Emva kokuzalwa kwakhe kweshumi elinesihlanu, waqala izifundo zamabanga aphakamileyo kwiYunivesithi yaseAlcalá.

Ulutsha oluphilayo, ngumfundi wanaphakade

Ngowe-1678 uyise wafa; ke, uFeliks wabonisa ukuziphatha okunemvukelo kunye wabaleka wemka —ephelekwa nguHernando Muñoz, umhlobo osenyongweni— yekhaya losapho. Nangona "icala elikhohlakeleyo" elinjalo wayesalangazelela ulwazi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, walwandisa ulwazi lwakhe kwizibalo nenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi phantsi koqeqesho lukaJuan Bautista Labaña, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi esikhulu sikaPhilip II.

Ukwengeza, ULope wafunda ubuGcisa beLiberal kunye noJuan de Córdoba, iphilology kunye neTheatines kwaye wayengunobhala weMarquis yaseNavas.. Xa sithetha inyani, kukufa kuphela okwamisa imikhwa yokuphanda yeenkcuba-buchopho zaseIberia kwimiba eyahlukahlukeneyo. Ngokunxuseneyo, wayehlala eyimbongi enobuthathaka obucacileyo babasetyhini kunye ne-adventures.

uthando kunye nokuhamba

isithandwa sanaphakade

Umntu wokuqala owaziwayo uLope de Vega utyumza uMaría de Aragón, owazala naye intombi, uManuela (1581 - 1586). Malunga nonyaka we-1582, umbhali wayenobudlelwane no-Elena Osorio, inenekazi elitshatileyo. Noko ke, xa waluqhawula ngokusesikweni olo qhawulo-mtshato nomyeni wakhe—umdlali weqonga uCristóbal Calderón—ekuqaleni kowe-1588, wakhetha ukutshata nendoda esisityebi.

Umsebenzi wasemkhosini kunye nokugxothwa

Ngomnyaka we-1582, umbhali waseMadrid wafudukela eAzores ukuya kubhalisa kwimishini (eyahlala ngaphantsi konyaka) ukusuka eMarquis yaseSanta Cruz ukuya eTerceira. Kamva, wabhalisa njengevolontiya kuMkhosi Omkhulu ekupheleni kukaMeyi 1588, lo mkhosi woyiswa ngumkhosi waseLusitanian.

Ekupheleni kohambo, uLope de Vega wazinza eValencia nomfazi wakhe, u-Isabel de Urbina., awatshata naye ngoMeyi 10, 1588. Ngelo xesha, wayesele egxothiwe eCortes yaseMadrid iminyaka esibhozo kunye nemibini eBukumkanini baseCastile. Unobangela: wamela ngokungafanelekanga u-Elena Osorio kwisiqwenga esimangalisayo xa wafumana ukuphoxeka okuchazwe kwicandelo langaphambili.

Ezinye izibini, abathandi kunye nenzala yombhali obalaseleyo waseSpain

U-Isabel de Urbina wamzalela iintombi ezimbini: uAntonia (1589 – 1594) noTeodora (1594 – 1596); ukuzalwa kwalo mva kwabangela ukubhubha kukanina. Ngo-1598, uLope waphinda watshata-ukuze kube lula, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali-Juana de Guardo., owafa ngenxa yokuzalwa komntwana ngo-1613. UJacinta (1599), uCarlos Félix (1606 - 1612) noFeliciana (1613 - 1633) bazalwa kuloo mtshato.

Okwangoku, UVega wayengumthandi kaDoña Antonia Trillo de Armenta kunye nomlingisi otshatileyo uMicaela de Luján. Ngotoliki wazala ubuncinane abantwana abahlanu (abanokuqinisekiswa): u-Ángela, uMariana, uFélix, uMarcela noLope Félix. Omnye umlingane owaziwayo wombhali nguMarta de Nevares, kwaye ngenxa yolo budlelwane u-Antonia Clara wazalwa. Ukongeza, abantwana ababini abaziwa ngoomama babo baziwa:

• uFernando Pellicer;
• UFray Luis kaMama kaThixo.

Umsebenzi obhaliweyo

Njengabanye ababhali bexesha lakhe, I-Lope de Vega ingene ngokungakhathali kuzo zonke iindidi zoncwadi ngempumelelo ecacileyo. Enyanisweni, ngaphambi kokuba abe neminyaka engama-30 ubudala, wayesele engumntu owaziwayo kakhulu kwintsimi yase-Iberia. Kule nkalo, i-Cervantes ifanelekele ukuba IGalatiya njengenye yezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo eSpain.

Uninzi lweprose yeLope de Vega

• IArcadia (1598), inoveli yakhe yokuqala, ibandakanya imibongo eliqela kwimeko yokwalusa;
• Umhambi ngezonqulo kwilizwe lakhe (1604), inoveli yaseByzantine;
• Kwabalusi baseBhetelehem (1612), inoveli yobufundisi enemibongo emininzi yomthendeleko;
• IDorotea (1632); isicatshulwa esineprozi ene-anthology yesihobe ebanzi apho azisa into ebizwa ngokuba yi-celestinesco genre (ephuma kumdlalo ohlekisayo wobuntu).

Amazwi kaLope de Vega

Imbongi eyazalelwa eMadrid yatsala imikhwa emininzi xa ihlanganisa imibongo yayo kwaye yaqikelelwa ngokulinganayo izimbo ezahlukeneyo. Ngesi sizathu, emsebenzini wakhe kwakukho indawo ye-culterana metric (iphenjelelwe nguLuis de Góngora) kunye, ngokuhambelanayo, namazwi adumileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ukuba wayehlala ekhusela "ivesi ecacileyo".

Ngokufanayo, kumazwi akhe kunokwenzeka ukufumana imibongo ebanzi enethowuni ebalisayo enokuthi ibandakanye ii-parodic overtones. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imbongi yaseSpain ayizange ithandabuze ukusebenzisa iimitha ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo kwimibongo yakhe emfutshane. Ngezantsi yimixholo ephononongwe nguLope de Vega kwimibongo yakhe emide (neminye imizekelo):

• iipics: I Dragontea (1598) IGatomachy (1634);
• Ezenkolo: I-Isidro (1599) wayoyisa iYerusalem (1609) thanda amazwi odwa (1626);
• Intsomi: i andromeda (1621) ISangqa (1624).

Eyona mibongo mifutshane eyaziwa kakhulu nguLope de Vega

• Iingoma (1602);
• Iingoma ezingcwele (1604);
• ibaladi yokomoya (1619);
• Uloyiso olungcwele kunye nezinye izicengcelezo ezingcwele (1625);
• Izicengcelezo zobuntu kunye nezobuthixo zegqwetha uTomé de Burguillos (1634);
• IVega yaseParnassus (1637), ishicilelwe emva kokufa.

Eminye imibongo nguLope de Vega

"Ukusuka eAndromeda"

Ubotshelelwe elwandle uAndromeda wakhala,
amaqhina avulela umbethe;
ukuba kwiigobolondo zabo zifakwe kwiglasi ebandayo,
ngeeperile zembewu eswiti zananiselwana.

Wancamisa unyawo, amatye athambe
thobeka ulwandle, njengomlambo omncinane;
ukujika ilanga libe yintwasahlobo yasehlotyeni;
emi encotsheni yawo, ecamngca ngako.

Iinwele kumoya osisaqhwithi,
bambongoza ukuba bamgqume ngazo;
kuba ingqina lalithetha into enye,

kwaye unomona wokubona umzimba wakhe omhle,
amaNereids acela isiphelo sabo,
ukuba kusekho abo banomona ngamashwa.

"Oh, ukuba wedwa okukrakra"

Owu, ukuba wedwa okukrakra
kwiiPhilies zam ezintle,
ukugxothwa kusetyenziswe kakuhle
yobubi endimenze yona!

iminyaka yam iyaguga
kwezi ntaba uzibonileyo.
ova ubunzima njengelitye
Kulungile ukuba kuhlale ematyeni.

Yho iiyure ezibuhlungu
ndohluke kangakanani
lo undibone kuye!

Ndikhalela ntoni na ngenxa yakho?
iingcinga zobutsha
ukuba ekuqaleni kweminyaka yam
Ude wagqiba undiqhathile!

umfanekiso wesandla ombi,
ixesha elitshintshayo undenze
hayi igama abandazi
nangona undijonge kancinci.

Yho iiyure ezibuhlungu
ndohluke kangakanani
lo undibone kuye!

Ileta ibirhanela,
ecacileyo kwaye emnyama isebenza,
ukuba ungayicimi yonke,
ngasentla kubhalwe ngaphezulu.

Ngamanye amaxesha ndiye ndicinge ukuba ndingomnye umntu
ide indixelele intlungu
lowo uva ubunzima obungaka
ukuba ngomnye umntu kwakungenakwenzeka.

Yho iiyure ezibuhlungu
ndohluke kangakanani
lo undibone kuye!

"Umntu ofileyo"

Umntu ofayo wandizala oobawo;
umoya oqhelekileyo kunye nokukhanya okuvela ezulwini kunika,
kwaye ilizwi lam lokuqala lakhala iinyembezi,
bangena benjenje ookumkani ehlabathini.

Umhlaba nenkxwaleko zandiwola;
bandisonga ngelaphu, ingeyiyo isikhumba nantsiba;
ngondwendwe ebomini bandibhalela,
kwaye iiyure namanyathelo bandibalile.

Ndiqhubeke ke imini
kukungafi komphefumlo,
nokuba umzimba awunto, ungenzi nto;

Isiqalo nesiphelo bubomi;
kuba ukungena komntu wonke kuyafana,
kwaye ngokwegalelo imveliso.

Umdlalo weqonga

Ingqondi yaseMadrid yayiyintshatsheli yokwenyani yendawo yethiyetha yaseSpain. Phakathi kweziseko ezithathu zolwakhiwo -intshukumo, ixesha kunye nendawo-, U-Lope ucebise kuphela ngokuhlonipha owokuqala ukuze kugcinwe ukuthembeka. Endaweni yoko, wanika ubuqhetseba obungakumbi kwizinto ezingenangqondo, ezibuhlungu kunye nezihlekisayo ngolandelelwano lwamaxesha kunye nendawo, ngakumbi kwiziqwenga zakhe zembali.

Ukongeza, kakhulu imisebenzi Imidlalo kaLope de Vega ibonisa iingxoxo eziphefumlelwe luthando nembeko. Ngokufanayo, wabamba zonke iintlobo zabaphulaphuli (ii-aristocrats, abantu abaqhelekileyo, abangafundanga ...) ngenxa yefomula yakhe ephindwe kabini, enye phakathi kwezityebi kunye nomnye phakathi kwabakhonzi.

Eminye imizekelo yeyona mixholo ixhaphakileyo

ama-comedies e-swashbuckling

• Eli nenekazi lisileyo;
• Izonka zejinja zikaBelisa;
• Isohlwayo sabalumkileyo;
• Ummangaliso knight;
• Ngelishwa uEstefania;
• Uthando ngaphandle kokwazi ukuba ngubani;
• Isinyithi saseMadrid.

iziqwenga zamaqhawe

• ulutsha lukaRoland;
• IMarquis yaseMantua.

Inkolo

• Ukudalwa kwehlabathi;
• Ukuphanga kukaDina.

Ezembali

• Ngokuchasene nexabiso akukho ilishwa;
• Indoda yaseMudarra.

Imigaqo-nkqubo

• Inkwenkwezi yaseSeville;
• Umthombo waseOvejuna;
• Inqaba ka-Olmedo.

Inqanaba lokugqibela lobomi bakhe

Phakathi kuka-1598 no-1599, umbhali wasebenza njengonobhala ukuze aziphilise ngenxa yokuba iithiyetha zazivaliwe ngomyalelo wasebukhosini. Okokuqala, wakhonza iMarquis yaseMalpica, emva koko iMarquis yaseSarriá. Ngo-1607, uLope waqala ukusebenzela iNkosana yaseSessa, uDon Luis Fernández de Córdoba, oku kwamenza umhlobo osenyongweni kunye ne-protégé. Ngaloo minyaka wachitha iintsuku zakhe phakathi kweMadrid neSeville.

Kwi 1608, iingqondi zaseSpeyin waqala umendo wakhe kububingeleli. Ngokuka, wangena kwiBandla laMakhoboka oMthendeleko oSikelelekileyo nakuLudwe lweSithathu lweSaint Francis.

Kwakuloo nyaka Ufumene indlu kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiCalle Cervantes (ebeyiCalle de Francos). Wahlala apho de kwasekufeni kwakhe. kwenzeka ngo-Agasti 27, 1635.