UVictor Hugo.
"I-Romanticism" yenye yezo meko apho inokuba ngumnqophiso wenene ongenakufumana inkcazo engqongqo. Intsingiselo ebonakalayo ebonakalayo "yaziwa kwihlabathi liphela", kodwa isilela ngamxhelo mnye. Kwithiyori, uthando yintshukumo eyaqala eYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwaye yasasazeka eMelika kwinkulungwane elandelayo.
Intshukumo yoncwadi, okokuqala, ngokuthe ngcembe yaya isiya kwezinye iinkalo "zenkcubeko". Ngokufanayo, "inkcubeko" ngumzekelo weklasikhi wengcinga enzima kakhulu ukuyibeka. Ngaba umntu unokuyichaza ngokuchanekileyo ngaphandle kokugqithisa izivakalisi ezimbalwa? Mhlawumbi ewe. Nangona kunjalo, bangaphi abaya kuvuma neempendulo ezinikiweyo, ngaphandle kokongeza okanye ukucima nantoni na?
Ukubonakaliswa komzuzu wembali
Embindini wohlaziyo lweshishini, kunye nepragmatism inyanzelisa njengemodeli engenakushukunyiswa, ukuthanda ezothando kwakuyinto ebuyela emntwini. Ilayisensi yokuya kumnandi kunye nokungaqhelekanga ngalo naliphi na ixesha eliyimfuneko. Iqale njengombutho wefilosofi ngokuchasene nengcinga yengqikelelo ebekwe ziingqondi kunye nezopolitiko.
Umbutho wezopolitiko?
Ubukhulu becala, Uthando lokuthandana lwazalelwa ukuchasa ukuqhubela phambili okunganqandekiyo kobungxowankulu. Ewe, kule nkqubo yezoqoqosho ibekwa ibala kude kube ngoku "njengendalo." Ngaphandle kolo ngcinga, abancinci, abathobekileyo, "pre-industrial" ngekhe babenalo ithuba lokubuyela phambili. Into ethathwa ngokuba "ihlwempuzekile" ngoongxowankulu, okunye "kukuthandana".
Ngesi sizathu, Ukuthandana kuyaphikisana nemibono esele imiselwe. Naziphi na izimvo esekwe kwangaphambili? Isenokuba kukuzibaxa, kodwa ngaphezulu kwako konke, kukungxama ukuthetha ukuba kunjalo. Kodwa ukusuka kwimbono ebambekayo (yintoni eyindida), impendulo nguewe. Logama nje imalunga "neengcinga" ezibalaseleyo okanye iiparadigms, zamkelwe njengezisemthethweni sisininzi sabemi.
Uncwadi lothando
Xa uthetha ngebali elithandanayo, kubhekiswa kuhlobo lwenoveli ende, edla ngokubhalwa kwiprozi. Umahluko xa kuthelekiswa "nomgangatho" webali eliyintsomi ngumxholo weziganeko, kuba ezi zilandelayo zenzeka kwihlabathi elimangalisayo nelimangalisayo. Ewe, le yokugqibela ayifanele iphathwe njengomthetho onzima kwaye okhawulezayo.
Ngamanye amagama, Xa uthetha malunga neempawu zothando oluthandwayo, kungcono ukuthetha malunga nokucingela okanye ukutyekela. Mhlawumbi eyona ndlela yokubonelela ngokucacileyo koku kukufunda kwemizekelo ethile. Okwangoku-ukuze ungangeni kwiingxabano zengqondo-ingcebiso kukujolisa kuhlalutyo ekuqondeni ububanzi besini.
Frankenstein… kwakhona
UFrankenstein.
UFrankenstein okanye i-Modern Prometheus (1818) ka UMary shelly ngamxhelo mnye kuthathelwa ingqalelo inqaku lokuqala kwinoveli yesayensi. Into engaziwayo kuninzi kukuba ikwabonisa umzekelo obalaseleyo weyona nto icace gca yenoveli yothando. Yintoni enokuba yinto engekho ngqiqweni kwaye ichasene neparadigms yokholo kunye nokuziphatha, kunokubuyisela abafileyo ebomini?
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Frankenstein
Ngexesha loloyiko olubangelwe sisiseko sempikiswano yakhe, umbhali uthatha ixesha lokujonga iintlungu zabantu. Kwaye yenza njalo ngokungena kwi-psyche ye-protagonist yayo, uGqirha Victor Frankenstein, hayi nge-monster. Yonke into ebaliswa ngobunyani besicatshulwa, nkqu ngolwimi njenge "rustic" okanye "ukusilela kobuqhetseba" njengesiNgesi.
UVictor Hugo
Abaninzi babeka lo mFrentshi uguquguqukayo phezulu kulo naluphi na uluhlu lwababhali abathandanayo. Kwaye, ewe, kowona msebenzi wakhe ubalaseleyo: Iimbandezelo (1862). Naye wazalelwa umbono wokuba "kuthandwa ubuhlwempu", (ukuzukiswa kobunzima). Nangona oku kungaphezulu kokutolikwa okuthobekileyo kunesindululo "seenjongo" esichaphazeleka kulo mbhali.
Ngokufanayo, ukuzithoba kumi njengento engenakuphepheka ekucingeni ukuthanda izinto zoncwadi. Ewe, iyangqinelana nembono eyahlukileyo eyindalo emntwini ngamnye, ebekwe ngokwenyani yakhe. Ke ngoko, ukungqina oko Iimbandezelo Yindlela yokuziphatha kwintlupheko kunye nosizi lomntu, ayifanelanga ukwaliwa ngokugqwesa.
Isandisi-lizwi sokukhusela ubuGothi
Olunye udidi lwezothando oluvela UVictor Hugo es I-Notre Dame de Paris (Ngo-1831). Amashwa, uthando oluphazamisekileyo kunye nabalinganiswa abahlelelekileyo. Ngokwenyani, xa inoveli yayipapashwa yaba yinto yokuvuka ekhangela ukungqinelwa kobugcisa beGothic. Kuba ndandisoyikiswa kakhulu ngeloxesha.
Amaxesha Ubuqaqawuli
Amaqhawe ezithandani awafezekanga. Banikezela kwizilingo, bawele kwiminqweno ephantsi, benze i-pacts kunye nomtyholi ... Ekugqibeleni banexesha lokuzikhulula okanye ubuncinci bafumane ukukhululwa okuvela kuThixo. Isenokuba sisishwankathelo ukuveza —Kodwa, ngaphezu kwako konke, ukukhanya kakhulu— Ubuqaqawuli (1808). Esinye seziqwenga ezibaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke iincwadi zothando.
Ibhalwe nguJohann Wolfgang von Goethe, Le drama yenye yezona zikhumbuzo zibalulekileyo zinikezelwa yiJamani eluntwini. Inyani engekho mncinci ncam kukuba ubuRoma, ngokusesikweni, babunemvelaphi yabo kubukumkani bamandulo baseJamani.
Yamagwababa kunye neekati ezimnyama
Edgar Allan Poe: inkosi yemfihlakalo, amabali angaphezu kwendalo kunye nomcuphi. Inani lakhe linxulunyaniswa kwimbali kunye nezoyikisayo okanye izenzululwazi zobuxoki. Njengokuba oko akwanelanga, U-Edgar Allan Poe wayengumbhali wokuqala othandekayo ovela kwelinye icala leAtlantic.
Ubuhle beGothic balo mbhali owazalelwa eBoston buqhubeka nanamhlanje. Nokuba nempembelelo yemisebenzi yakhe ifikelele kubugcisa besixhenxe, ngaphakathi "kweemveliso zabathengi abaninzi". Undoqo wayo ufezekiswa kwiifilimu ezinje nge Batman nguTim Burton okanye SixhengxeNguDavid Fincher. ¿Ikati emnyama (1843) ngumxholo wothando? Impendulo nguewe.
Iingcinga ezikhoyo ngoku zothando
Ilifa likaJane Austen
Ukuziva kunye novakalelo.
Ukuqwalaselwa ngokubanzi kwe Ubuntununtunu kunye nobuntununtunu (1811) kaJane Austen njengenye yezona klasiki zibalaseleyo zothando kwezoncwadi akumangalisi. Imeko engalindelekanga kwabaninzi kukuba kolu didi zezinye izihloko kunye nababhali abakhankanywe apha ngasentla.
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Ukuziva kunye novakalelo
Ukusuka eAusten, ubuncinci, Kuyimfuneko ukwalatha esinye isihloko kuluhlu: Ikratshi nomkhethe (1813). Omnye wemisebenzi yoncwadi ehlaziyiweyo kuyo yonke imbali, ethe yabangela ukutolikwa kunye nolungelelwaniso olwahlukileyo. Umboniso bhanyabhanya ubuphethe ngokuguqula le ngxoxo kwi-apocalypse zombie ...
Ukusuka ekuphakameni ukuya ekuhlekiseni?
Imithombo yeendaba e-audiovisual ikakhulu inoxanduva lokudideka okukhoyo malunga nembali yothando namhlanje. UKUYANangona abaninzi bengavumi ukuyamkela-ingakumbi abathetha iSpanish - uthando luyinto "enodaka" ziimpikiswano ezijolise "kwimidlalo ebukekayo." Ewe, ukungathembeki kunye nabalinganiswa beManichean baninzi. Zonke ezi zinto zininzi, endaweni yemvelaphi yazo esemthethweni: uguquko oluchasene nengqiqo.
Ngolunye ulwazi, kwinkulungwane yama-XXI uhlobo luye lwaxhwilwa yinto ebizwa ngokuba "kukuthandana ngokufikisayo". Iitekisi zokuzonwabisa (ezinye), kodwa ngaphandle kobunzima. Ngapha koko, uninzi lwale misebenzi luthwala kancinci (okanye hayi) ngokunxulumene nembali yothando lwangaphambili. Yeyiphi, ngokwembali, yayiyindlela yesibini yokuvuselela inkcubeko.