Imidlalo yeCalderón de la Barca

Imidlalo yeCalderón de la Barca (1600 - 1681) zi icon yeetafile kwihlabathi liphela. Umbhali uthathwa njengomnye wababhali beqonga abaphambili beSpanish Age. Lo mahluko wabiwa ngamanani abalulekileyo anje ngeMiguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega kunye noTirso Molina. Imidlalo emine eyenziweyo eyaziwa njengehlabathi, kunye nohlobo olunqabileyo lwentsebenzo yeqonga, kodwa kumgangatho wobugcisa obalaseleyo: ii-autos sacramentales.

ICalderón de la Barca ikwahlula ngamanye amacandelo omzimba; Uninzi lwazo lubonakaliswa kwindalo yakhe yeqonga. Phakathi kwabo sinokuthi sikhankanye: amanene, ezomkhosi, ezobukrelekrele, imbongi, ubungqina bezenkolo kunye nobukhethekileyo kwiziganeko eziphambili zezopolitiko nezentlalo zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe. Ukungaguquguquki okunjalo kube negalelo elibonakalayo kubunzulu be- amabali abo, amabinzana kunye nabalinganiswa.

Ubuntwana kunye nolutsha lukaPedro Calderón de la Barca

Ukuzalwa, ubuntwana kunye nezifundo zokuqala

UPedro Calderón de la Barca kunye noBarreda González de Henao Ruiz de Blasco y Riaño wazalwa ngoJanuwari 17, 1600, eMadrid. Wayengowesithathu kubantwana abathandathu bomtshato phakathi kukaDiego Calderón noAna María de Henao, bobabini benemvelaphi entle. Ngeminyaka emihlanu nje kuphela waqala ukuya esikolweni eValladolid phantsi koqeqesho lukagogo wakhe u-Inés de Riaño. Ngo-1608 wangena kwi-Imperial College yamaJesuit eMadrid.

Ngo-1610 umama wakhe wasweleka ngenxa yokubeleka. Ngo-1614, u-Diego Calderón waphinda watshata uJuana Freyle Caldera, evela kusapho olwahlukileyo, nangona wayeneengxaki zemali. Kwakuloo nyaka ukwishumi elivisayo UPedro wamkelwa kwiYunivesithi yaseAlcalá, kodwa waphazamisa izifundo zakhe emva kokuba utata wakhe esweleke ngesiquphe ngo-1615. Ngelo xesha, kwavela ingxabano yezomthetho malunga nelifa phakathi komama wesibini nabantwana.

IYunivesithi yaseSalamanca kunye nomsebenzi wezomkhosi

Xa uDoña Juana waphinda watshata ngo-1616, abazalwana baseCalderón basala phantsi kweliso likayisekazi, uAndrés González de Henao. Ngeli xesha, uPedro Calderón de la Barca omncinci ubhalise kwiDyunivesithi yaseSalamanca. Ngo-1619 waphumelela njenge-bachelor kwi-canon nakwezomthetho.

Nangona kunjalo, akazange amiselwe njengomfundisi (njengoko utata wakhe onegunya angathanda) kwaye ukusukela ngo-1922 wakhetha ukujoyina umkhosi. Kwakulixesha elinzima, njengoko yena nabantakwabo kwanyanzeleka ukuba bathengise izinto zabo abazizuze njengelifa ukuze baphile. Ngethuba leminyaka elandelayo, uPedro Calderón watyelela iFlanders kunye nenyakatho ye-Italiya ngexesha lemikhankaso yemfazwe kwinkonzo ye-XNUMX yeConstable of Castile.

Imisebenzi yokuqala yeqonga

NgoJuni 29, 1623, umdlalo wakhe wokuqala owaziwayo waqaliswa ngempumelelo, Uthando, imbeko kunye namandla, ngexesha lotyelelo lukaCharles, iNkosana yaseWales. Emva kokugqiba uhambo lwakhe lomkhosi ngo-1626, uPedro Calderón de la Barca wakwazi ukuzinikela ngokupheleleyo kwimibhalo yakhe yendalo. Nangona kunjalo, yayisele ikhutshiwe UJudas Maccabeus kunye neminye imisebenzi yeqonga kunye nenkampani kaJuan Acacio Bernal.

Iimpawu zemidlalo yeqonga yaseCalderón de la Barca

Umsebenzi wokwahluka okubanzi, kunzima ukuququzelela

Umsebenzi kaCalderón de la Barca uneempawu ezintle zobuninzi kunye nokuthelekisa. Yazi kakuhle le fom kunye nomdlalo ngaphakathi kuluhlu olude lokusebenza olubonakaliswa kukuntsokotha kwengcinga. Ngokuka-José María Díez Borque, "Ukuba ukuhlanganiswa nokwenziwa kwezobugcisa ngomnye wemigaqo esisiseko ye-Baroque aesthetics, eCalderón (ikwangumqokeleli kunye ne-theorist yokupeyinta) kuya kuthathwa kwiziphumo zayo zokugqibela."

Ngenxa yoko, ukuququzelela kunye nokuhlelwa kwemidlalo yeqonga yengqondo yaseMadrid ngumsebenzi otyhafisayo, ngenxa yobuninzi bendalo yayo. Ngokwe-akhawunti eyenziwe nguye iinyanga ngaphambi kokubhubha kwakhe, iCalderón de la Barca yavelisa ikomityi ezilikhulu elineshumi, ii-autos sacramentales ezingamashumi asibhozo kunye nenani elingapheliyo leminye imidlalo emifutshane.

Ifomula "lopesca"

I-Lope de Vega ebabazekayo yenze imodeli yeqonga echaza imeko ye-baroque yasekupheleni kwe-1630th nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Ngo-XNUMX, uLope de Vega wayesele eyincomile italente kaCalderón de la Barca ngobuntununtunu bayo kunye nokudityaniswa komculo. Ukutshintshiselana phakathi kwezigebenga kukhokelele kwindaleko "yefomula ye-lopesca" etyebile kubutyebi bobugcisa, zicocekile ngezinto zeengoma ezingasebenziyo kwaye zinemiboniso embalwa.

Ngokunjalo, inani labalinganiswa liyancitshiswa, ngelixa iyelenqe liphuhliswa malunga nomlinganiswa omnye. KuCalderón, uthando lwakhe lokupenda lubonisa into ebaluleke kakhulu edibanisa izikweko, intetho, kunye nembono yakhe yehlabathi. Njengokupeyinta kweBaroque, ibhayibhile, intsomi, imixholo yezembali kunye nobungangamsha bendalo njengendalo kaThixo iphuphuma umsebenzi wakhe.

Ngale ndlela, imisebenzi kaPedro Calderón de la Barca inokuhlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo (eminye imizekelo ibizwa ngokuba):

• Iidrama: Ugqirha wodumo lwakhe; Umzobi wehlazo lakhe; Intombi yomoya.
• Zinzulu kunye neendawo zokuhlala: Ubomi liphupha; Usodolophu waseZalamea.
• Iikomidi zenkundla: Irhamncwa, umbane kunye nelitye; Echo kunye neNarcissus.
• I-swashbuckling satires: Inenekazi elirhabaxa; Akukho ukuqhula eluthandweni.
• Iimoto zesigramente: Iqonga elikhulu lehlabathi; Uqhankqalazo lokholo.

Ukwakhiwa komlinganiswa

Iinyani zembali malunga nabalinganiswa kwimidlalo kaCalderón zihlala ziphantse zafana. Kwinqanaba elifanayo abanalo imbonakalo yendalo yomntu, kuba zizele zibaxo, izikweko, kunye namazwi. Ababhinqileyo ababhinqileyo batyale imali kwigunya elifanelekileyo, benesimo sengqondo sobudoda.

Ngokuthelekisa, abalinganiswa abangamadoda bakaCalderón babonisa ubunzulu bengqondo. Abanye, njengoDon Gutierre de Ugqirha wodumo lwakhe, abanangqiqo kwaphela ngenxa yomona wabo. Bamele amanani asetyenzisiweyo kwintlekele zaseCalderonia, zizele ngamayelenqe, ukukrokra kunye nezinto ezithandwayo. Abanye abalinganiswa, abanjengoSegismundo okanye uDon Lope Figueroa, bayinxalenye yereferensi yakhe engalibalekiyo.

Ukunciphisa i-Polymetry

ICalderón de la Barca iguqulela "ifomula ye-lopesca" ngokubhekisele kwimodeli yoncwadi egxile kulwakhiwo lomdlalo weqonga. Ngesi sizathu, udibanisa repertoire yeevesi ngokuguqula iivesi zakhe zibe zi-octosyllables, hendecasyllables kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, heptasyllables. Uhlala esebenzisa izichasi, izikweko, nezibaxo ukuze agxininise ubuhle bolwimi.

ICulteranism

UCalderón ubonakalisa umthetho ophucukileyo wokubhalwa kweengxoxo ezizele zii-analogies, ii-symmetries, inkcaso, ukwahlukana kunye nokuqokelelwa. Iikhonsepthi kwizivakalisi zakho zinokuvela ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukwenza kucace kwangaphambili ukuhla kwemibono kwimeko. Kwangokunjalo, kuninzi lwee-comedies zakhe zefilosofi ye-Neoplatonic kunye nezixhobo ezinje nge-horoscope kunye neziprofeto zibonakala zivelisa (ubuxoki) kubaphulaphuli.

Inkcubeko

Ukulungiswa kweenjongo zabalinganiswa abaphambili, nokuba zibekekile okanye zigqwethiwe - ulwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yomona, umzekelo-luvela ngengqondo engenakulinganiswa, kodwa ngokokuziphatha okungamkelekanga. Kwelinye icala, Kwiingxoxo zeCalderón zemidlalo ye-metatheatrical ubukhulu becala ukuya kwinqanaba lokuziphatha kakubi. Oko kukuthi, ukubhala kwakhona kunye neeparodi zomsebenzi zabanye ababhali okanye ezakhe ziqhelekile ngendlela eyaziwayo.

Icandelo lezenkolo

Umxube phakathi kwemimiselo engcwele kunye neziganeko ezingcolileyo ziyinxalenye yendalo yenkolo yabantu ngexesha leBaroque. Ukongeza, uqeqesho lwamaJesuit lukaCalderón lubonakala kwizivakalisi zikaSan Agustín noTomás de Aquino, nakwifilosofi yakhe. Kwithiyetha yaseCalderón, uhlobo lokurhoxa luyabonakala ngokuchasene nokuzimela okubonakalayo kunye nokunyaniseka kwezenzo zabantu.

UThixo nomntu

Ukholo kuThixo ngumba ongathandabuzekiyo omisela indlela yokujongana nemicimbi ekhoyo kunye nengqiqo. Ke, Ubuthixo bucaciswa zizinto ezine zendalo kwaye ayisosizathu sokubandezeleka komntu emhlabeni. Kwimisebenzi yaseCalderón de la Barca, imbeko, inkululeko kunye noxanduva lokuziphatha kubonakala kukujongana nokunyoluka, umona, umona kunye neengxabano ze-Oedipal.

Ukufika kweziganeko ezimbi

Embindini we-1640s, uthotho lweziganeko lwenzeka olucinga ngokutsha ngobomi beCalderón de la Barca. Kuqala, ukubhubha kukaKumkanikazi u-Isabel del Borbón kunye neNkosana u-Baltasar Carlos kuvelise imimiselo emibini yokuvala (yonyaka omnye nonyaka mithathu ngokulandelelana) yee-comedies zekwayara. Emva kwexesha, ukusweleka kwabantakwabo uJosé (1645) kunye no-Diego (1647) kwafaka uCalderón kuxinzelelo.

Iimoto zomthendeleko

Kwi-1646 unyana wakhe webhayoloji, uPedro José, wazalwa. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva Wonyulwa waba ngumfundisi kwaye ngo-1653 wafumana isikhundla sobufundisi beeKumkani Ezintsha zaseToledo. Ke, uCalderón ubeke phambili ekubhaleni ii-autos sacramentalesUhlobo lweqonga olubonakaliswa kukuboniswa kwezakwalizwi kunye nokufihlakeleyo okubonakalayo.

Nangona wayeqhubeka nokwenziwa kwee-comedies, ii-autos sacramentales zazilawula uninzi lwezinto azidalileyo de kwasekufeni kwakhe nge-25 kaMeyi, 1681. Ngapha koko, indalo yakhe yokugqibela yayingumthendeleko wemoto Imvana ka-Isaya, wagqitywa kwiintsuku ezintlanu ngaphambi kokuba asweleke.

Umsebenzi weqonga odlalwayo nguCalderón de la Barca

• Ihlathi elididayo (1622).
• Uthando, imbeko kunye namandla (1623).
• Ukwahlukana kweNgilani (1627).
• Indlu eneengcango ezimbini, imbi ukuyigcina (1629).
• Inenekazi elirhabaxa (1629).
• Inkosana engapheliyo (1629).
• Ibhendi kunye nentyatyambo (1632).
• Isidlo sangokuhlwa sikaKumkani uBheleshatsare (1632).
• Inkqubo yobugqi (1637).
• Eyona ngxilimbela inkulu ehlabathini (1637).
• Ugqirha wodumo lwakhe (1637).
• Abathandi ababini bezulu (1640).
• Imfihlo evulekileyo (1642).
• Umzobi wehlazo lakhe (1650).
• Usodolophu waseZalamea (1651).
• Intombi yomoya (1653).
• Iqonga elikhulu lehlabathi (1655).
• Lumkela amanzi amileyo (1657).
• Echo kunye neNarcissus (1661).
• Isiphelo kunye nesiqubulo sikaLeonido kunye noMarfisa (1680).