UPedro Salinas

U-Pedro Salinas uthathwa njengomnye wababhali ababalaseleyo benkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kunye nommeli omkhulu weprozi yaseCastilian. Umsebenzi wakhe uthathelwa ingqalelo njengokuqonda kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, ubuqili. Umbhali wayeyindoda yoonobumba kunye nendaleko, kuzo zonke iinkalo.

Ngokwakhe wathi ngaye nangomsebenzi wakhe: “Ndiyayixabisa imibongo, ngaphezu kwako konke, ubunyani. Emva koko ubuhle. Emva koko ubukrelekrele. Uninzi lweetekisi kule imbongi edumileyo yaseSpain bazinikele ekuthandaneni, ngokwembono ngokubanzi kunye nokuqaqamba kwe-avant-garde.

Iprofayile yomntu

Ukuzalwa kunye nobuntwana

UPedro Salinas Serrano wazalelwa eMadrid, eSpain, ngoNovemba 27, 1891. Isiqhamo somtshato phakathi kukaSoledad Serrano Fernández noPedro Salinas Elmos. Lo mva wasebenza njengomrhwebi de wasweleka ngo-1897. Ngelo xesha, umbhali wexesha elizayo wayeneminyaka emithandathu kuphela ubudala.

Ukusweleka kukayise, Amaziko anjengeSikolo saseHispano-Francés kunye neSan Isidro Institute eMadrid zenza iziseko eziphambili zoqeqesho lukaSalinas ukugqobhoza ukuya eyunivesithi. Emva kwexesha, uPedro wabhalisa kwiDyunivesithi yaseMadrid, apho aqala khona ukufundela ubugqwetha.

Emva kweminyaka emibini, Washiya imithetho ukuze angene kwintando yefilosofi kunye neeleta. Lo msebenzi wamkhokelela kamva, ngo-1917, ukuba afumane ubugqirha. Waphumelela ngethisisi kwimizekeliso ye UDon Quijote waseLa Mancha, NguMiguel de Cervantes xa sinolwazi.

Imbongi yothando

Ukwamkelwa ngabaninzi njenge "Imbongi yothando", lo mbhali udumileyo wayiqinisa imisebenzi yakhe kunye nemisebenzi yoncwadi kubunzulu Ubuqili baloo mvakalelo inkulu ayigcinileyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuthandana okuchazwa nguPedro kwiincwadi zakhe akusoloko konwaba kwaye kugqibelele.

I-Salinas ifumene indlela yokubandakanya indlela uthando olungathandekiyo nolubuhlungu olunokuba ngayo, kodwa ngendlela enobuchule. Kwangokunjalo, wadibanisa ukubonakaliswa komntu malunga nokwahlukana kunye nemvakalelo yokulahleka.

Ubomi bakhe, ibali lothando

Ngo-1915, eAlgeria, watshata noMargarita Bonmatí. USalinas wayeneminyaka engama-24 kuphela ubudala ngelo xesha. Bahlala ikakhulu eParis. Kwiminyaka kamva, ngo-1917, bahlala eSpain. Babenabantwana ababini: uSoledad noJaime Salinas. Umtshato uhlala uqinile kwaye wonwabile kwada kwehlobo lowe-1932.

Ngokudala iYunivesithi yaseSantander yeHlabathi, awayebandakanyeka kuyo, UPedro Salinas ujonge kumfundi waseMelika ogama linguKatherine R. Whitmore. Ngokudanisa uthando kunye naye nakwimbeko yakhe, waphefumlela isihobe esithi: Ilizwi elivela kuwe (1933) Uthando isizathu (1938) kunye Ukuzisola ixesha elide (1939).

Ukuthandana kwagcinwa naxa uKatherine ebuyela kwilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa. Kodwa, ixesha lokufunda lika-1934-1935, uMargarita - umfazi kaPedro - wafumanisa malunga nobudlelwane obufihlakeleyo kwaye wazama ukuzibulala. Ngenxa yoku, uKatherine wakhuthaza ukwaphulwa ngokupheleleyo kwe-nexus yakhe kunye no-Salinas.

Isiphelo esimangalisayo

Imfazwe yamakhaya yaseSpain yayisesona sizathu sokugqibela sokudibanisa abathandi. Emva koqhushululu, uSalinas waya eFrance emva koko waya elubhacweni e-United States. Ngo-1939, uKatherine watshata noBrewer Whitmore kwaye wamkela igama lakhe lokugqibela. Nangona kunjalo, wasweleka emva kweminyaka emine kwingozi yemoto.

Kuyabonakala ukuba, ubudlelwane phakathi kukaKatherine noPedro ngamanye amaxesha buhlala, kodwa buye baphela. Intlanganiso yabo yokugqibela yayingo-1951. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, nge-4 kaDisemba, imbongi yasweleka eBoston, eMassachusetts. Umzimba wakhe wangcwatyelwa kwikomkhulu lasePuerto Rico, eSan Juan.

Emva kwexesha, ngo-1982, uKatherine naye wasweleka. Kodwa, hayi ngaphandle kokuqala kokugunyazisa ukuba Iileta phakathi kwakhe noSalinas kwapapashwa. Logama nje umnqweno wakhe wokugqibela wawuzalisekisiwe: yayiyiminyaka engamashumi amabini emva kokubhubha kwakhe kwaye iileta zakhe zazishiyiwe.

Isizukulwana se-27

Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, UPedro Salinas uthathwa njengenye yeembongi ezinkulu zenkulungwane yama-27 kunye nommeli wento ekuthiwa sisizukulwana sama-XNUMX. Le ntshukumo yaziwa ngokwenkcubeko ngaloo nyaka kwaye yavela njengendawo yeNoucentisme. Umbhali wayehamba nababhali besimo se URafael Alberti, UFederico García Lorca kunye noDámaso Alonso.

Ngokungafaniyo nemisinga yangaphambili, ukuveliswa kuka-'27 kwasetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zoncwadi. Phakathi kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

Uhlalutyo lwemisebenzi yakhe

Njengobuntu obunzulu kunye nomphengululi, eyona misebenzi yaziwayo kaPedro Salinas Serrano yimisebenzi yakhe ebalulekileyo njengembongi kunye nesincoko. Nangona kunjalo, umntu akanakusilela ukukhankanya eminye imisebenzi. Njengaye, umzekelo, lowo wombhali weprozi, uhlobo ekuvela kulo izihloko zakhe ezintathu ezilungileyo.

USalinas naye wasebenza njengomdlali odlalayo phakathi konyaka we-1936 nowe-1947, esenza imidlalo elishumi elinesine iyonke. Wayengumguquleli wencwadi yamabali yaseFrance Iqhayiya, okwazile ukwenza iinoveli zakhe kwilizwe elithetha iSpanish ngaye.

Uhlobo lobuntu

Le mbongi-inkathazo ichaza isihobe njenge: «Ukhenketho olubhekise kufutshane. Usondela ngakumbi okanye ungaphantsi, uya ngendlela engaphezulu okanye encinci: kuko konke ». Kuye, imibongo yayiyeyokuqala, iyinyani, ilandelwa bubuhle nobulumko, ukukhetha iivesi ezimfutshane ezinqabileyo kwisingqisho njengeyona ndlela ilungileyo kwiincwadi zakhe.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abagxeki kunye noogxa kwimeko yoncwadi bachaze umsebenzi kaSalinas njengelinge lokuzikhusela kwimilinganiselo yenkcubeko yaseYurophu ngaphambi kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Uthando kunye nokuziphatha kwakhe kwamkhokelela ekubeni abuze kwaye abhale malunga necala elibi lezinto.

Ku-Leo Spitzer, ingqondi yase-Austrian kunye nengcali kwiilwimi zothando, Imibongo kaSalinas yahlala ikhulelwe uphawu olufanayo: ingcamango yayo. Wonke umsebenzi wakhe unento kuye. Indlela umbhali ayichaza ngayo kukuphazamiseka nokuthetha.

Izigaba ezithathu zemibongo

Ukuqala kwakhe kwihlabathi loncwadi kuqala ngokulandelelana kwayo ngo-1911 nemibongo yakhe yokuqala ebizwa ngokuba yi "creepy." Ezi zapapashwa nguRamón Gómez de la Serna kwiphephancwadi lakhe I-Prometeo. Nangona kunjalo, Ukudityaniswa kwakhe njengombongi ophantsi kunye nesiko lothando kwaziwa ngokwamanqanaba amathathu esihobe.

Uguquko olukhulu lubonwa kwinqanaba ngalinye lala manqanaba. Oku kwakungabangelwa kuphela yimixholo yemisebenzi, kodwa kunye nesimo sengqondo sembongi ngokwakhe. Iingoma zakhe zihlala zinempembelelo kumava akhe obomi. Ukongeza, uSalinas wayehlala efumana inkuthazo ekukhuleni kwakhe.

Inqanaba lesibini livela ngokukodwa. Izihloko eziveliswe ngelo xesha, ukongeza ekutyebiseni wonke umsebenzi wakhe, zazizezona zidumileyo ngelo xesha.

Inqanaba lokuqala

Isigaba sokuqala siqala ngo-1923 ukuya ku-1932. USalinas, ke, wayengumfana oselula owayeqala ukwamkela isitayile esihle apho umxholo onothando wawungumlinganiswa ophambili. Indlela ngeli xesha yayikhanyisiwe yimibongo kaRubén Darío - umbhali waseNicaragua - kunye nababhali bemvelaphi yaseSpain: UJuan Ramón Jiménez kunye noMiguel Unamuno.

Imiqondiso (1923) I-inshurensi engaqhelekanga (1929) kunye Intsomi kwaye usayine (1931) yayiyimveliso yeli nqanaba. Injongo yombhali yayikukwenza imibongo yakhe igqibelele kangangoko. Lo mjikelo wawuluhlobo lokulungiselela inqanaba lakhe lesibini elaziwa ngokuba: kukugcwala.

Inqanaba lesibini

Ngeli xesha, eliqala ngo-1933 ukuya ku-1939, imbongi uSalinas yathatha umtsalane kunye nokumangalisa ngokubhala i-trilogy yothando. Ilizwi elivela kuwe (Ngo-1933) yayingowokuqala wezihloko. Lo msebenzi ubalisa ngokupheleleyo, ukusuka ekuqaleni kuye esiphelweni kwaye ngendlela ebukhali, uthando olunzulu.

Emva koko kwavela Uthando isizathu (1936). Kuyo, uSalinas ubamba uthando kwindawo yakhe yokujonga ebuhlungu. Gxininisa ukuba kunokuba nzima kangakanani ukwahlukana kunye nokubandezeleka okuseleyo emva kokwahlukana. Amabinzana afana nala: "Uya kuba luthando, ixesha elide elingasokuze liphele" ziingqungquthela kule ncwadi.

Njengokuvalwa, kubonakala Ukuzisola ixesha elide (Ngo-1939) —khumbula uGustavo Adolfo Bécquer—. Lo msebenzi ulandela ikhosi efanayo yokuphumelela echazwe kwezinye iincwadi. Iqonga libizwa ngokuba kukugcwala kuba lihambelana nexesha lothando noKatherine Withmore.

Inqanaba lesithathu

Ukususela ngeli xesha, phakathi kuka-1940 no-1951, uSalinas wavelisa imibongo ephefumlelwe lulwandle lwesiqithi sasePuerto Rican. Injalo imeko: Okucingelweyo Ngo-1946. Umsebenzi uvela Yonke into icace gca kunye neminye imibongo (1949) -isihloko esigxininisa amandla okudala ngegama.

Omnye umbongo omele eli nqanaba ngu "Confianza" (1955). Kule nto, umbhali uqhayisa ngokuqina kunye nokuqina okuqinisekileyo kwenyani ephilayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yayiyisihloko esapapashwa ngo-1955, emva kokubhubha kwakhe.

Gcwalisa uluhlu lweencwadi zakhe

Imibongo

• I-inshurensi engaqhelekanga. (Iphephancwadi laseNtshona, ngo-1929)
• Intsomi kwaye usayine. (IPlutarch, 1931).
• Ilizwi elivela kuwe. (Tyikitya, 1933).
• Isizathu sothando. (Iintlelo zoMthi, 1936).
• Ukubala ngendlela engeyiyo. (Imp. Miguel N, 1938).
• Ukuzisola ixesha elide. (Umdibaniso woHlelo, 1939).
• Imibongo kunye. (ELosada, 1942).
• Okucingelweyo. (Nueva Floresta, 1946).
• Yonke into icace gca neminye imibongo (Sudamericana, 1949).
• Ithemba (Aguilar, 1955).

Ibali

• Inguqulelo maxesha yeCantar de Mio Cid. (Imagazini yaseNtshona, 1926).
• UEva wovuyo. (Imagazini yaseNtshona, 1926).
• Ibhombu emangalisayo. (Umzantsi Melika, 1950).
• Ubunqunu obungenakubonwa kunye namanye amabali (iTezontle, 1951).
• Ingxelo epheleleyo. (Usingasiqithi, 1998).

Uvavanyo

• Uncwadi lweSpanish. Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini. (1940).
• Jorge Manrique okanye isithethe kunye nemvelaphi. (Ngo-1947).
• Imibongo kaRubén Darío (1948).
• Uxanduva lombhali. (Seix Barral, 1961).
• Gqibezela izincoko. Uhlelo: USalinas de Marichal. (ITaurus, 1983).
• Umkhuseli (uHlelo luka-Alianza, 2002).

Iileta

• Iileta zothando eziya kuMargarita (1912-1915). Umanyano loMhleli, 1986
• Iileta kuKatherine Whitmore. Iimpawu, 2002.
• USalinas, uPedro. (Ngo-1988). Iileta eziya kuJorge Guillén. UChristopher Maurer, ed. Incwadana yeendaba yeGarcía Lorca Foundation, n. 3, iphe. 34-37.
• Ileta ezisibhozo ezingashicilelwanga kuFederico García Lorca. UChristopher Maurer (ed.) UGarcía Lorca Foundation Bulletin, n. 3, (1988); iphe. 11-21.
• Iileta ezivela kuPedro Salinas ukuya eGuillermo de Torre. Ukuhlaziywa, n. 4, (1990) iphe. 3- 9.
• Iileta ezisibhozo ezivela kuPedro Salinas. U-Enric Bou (ed.) Magazini yeNtshona, n. 126, nov. (1991); iphe. 25-43.
• Imbalelwano kaSalinas / Jorge Guillén (1923-1951). Ushicilelo, intshayelelo kunye namanqaku nguAndrés Soria Olmedo. I-Barcelona: iiTusquets (1992).