Iincwadi zikaJosé Saramago

Upapasho loncwadi lukaJosé Saramago luchaze ubuchwephesha obuninzi obuphuculweyo kuyo yonke iminyaka engama-87 yobukho. Nangona isifundiswa sasePortugal sithathe ixesha laso ukufikelela kukuzinikezela okuqinisekileyo ngo-1980, eneminyaka engama-57, wafikelela kudumo lwehlabathi eneminyaka engama-76, emva kokuwongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel yoNcwadi ngoNovemba 16, 1998..

Ngaphandle kokuba ngumbhali onobunkunkqele, umbhali wasePhuthukezi wayegqamile njengentatheli, umbhali wemidlalo yeqonga, umbhali wenoveli, imbongi nembali. Ngokwengxelo kaJosé Luis Herrera Arciniega (1999), "Phambi kweNobel, isikhundla sakhe njengombhali sidlulile kwicandelo lezoncwadi kwaye samfaka kwisikhundla sokuba ngumngeneleli kwimithombo yeendaba kunye nengqina kunye nomnxibelelanisi weziganeko zopolitiko ... ".

Uluhlu lweencwadi zikaJosé Saramago

Ukuzalwa nosapho

UJosé Saramago wazalwa ngo-Novemba 16, 1922 e-Azinhaga, ilali encinci yelizwe, ekumantla mpuma ePortugal. Abazali bakhe, uJosé de Souza noMaría da Piedade, babengathathi ntweni. Ngenxa yoko, bagqiba kwelokuba bafudukele eLisbon ekupheleni kowe-1925, apho utata wakhe wangena emkhosini. Kungekudala emva kokufika kwikomkhulu, unyana omkhulu wolu sapho, uFrancisco, wasweleka.

USaramago, umfundi obalaseleyo

UJosé oselula wayegqwesile kumabanga akhe aphezulu kwisikolo sezobugcisa kwimizi-mveliso (nangona uqeqesho lwalubandakanya izifundo zobuntu). Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobunzima bezezimali kusapho lwakhe, wanyanzelwa ukuba ashiye amagumbi okufundela ayokunceda ngezemali zasekhaya. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala yayingu imvucube (umkhandi) umkhandi iminyaka emibini.

Urhwebo lukaJosé Saramago

Ukusukela nge-1940s, ubambe imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo: umqokeleli wamatyala, impilo yoluntu kunye negosa lentlalontle, umhleli, umguquleli kunye nentatheli. Ngo-1944 uSaramago watshata no-Ilda Reis waza waqala ukudala Umhlaba wesono, inoveli yakhe yokuqala (epapashwe ngo-1947 ngaphandle kwempumelelo yomhleli, ehambelana nokuzalwa kwamazibulo akhe, uViolante). Ngokukwanjalo, uSaramago wagqiba inoveli yakhe yesibini Isibhakabhaka (ayishicilelwanga kude kube ngo-2012).

Emva kwexesha, wayengumgxeki wokubhala kunye nenkcazo yenkcubeko kwiphephancwadi USeara nova. Lawo yayingamaxesha okubekwa kweliso kwilizwe laseIberia. Ngesi sizathu, ukushicilelwa kunye namanqaku abo ancitshisiwe okanye avalwe amatyeli aliqela, ngakumbi kwi Idayari yeendaba. Ngo-1966 waba lilungu lebhodi yokuqala yoMbutho Wababhali bamaPhuthukezi-awayengusihlalo wayo ukusukela ngo-1985 ukuya koka-1994- kwaye wayipapasha Unemibongo.

Ingcinezelo yezopolitiko kaSalazar

Nangona wayekhathazwa nguzwilakhe waseSalazar, uSaramago ngenkohlakalo wazityhila izimvo zakhe zasekhohlo kumanqaku ezopolitiko. Ngokunjalo, usebenze njengomlawuli kunye nomvelisi wombhalo kwindlu yopapasho iminyaka elishumi elinambini. Ngaxeshanye, wenza iinguqulelo zemisebenzi ababhali ezifana Baudelaire, Colette, Maupassant kunye Tolstoi. Ngo-1969 wajoyina iqela lamaKomanisi (elalingekho mthethweni) lasePortugal kwaye waqhawula umtshato ne-Ilda.

Indima yakho kwi Iphephandaba laseLisbon

Phakathi kowe-1972 nowe-1973 wabamba isikhundla somhleli, umhlalutyi wezopolitiko kwaye, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, wayengumququzeleli webhulethini yenkcubeko Iphephandaba laseLisbon. Kunyaka kamva wajoyina i-Carnation Revolution eyavelisa utshintsho kwidemokhrasi ePortugal. Ngo-1975 wayelisekela-mlawuli we Ijenali yeendaba kwaye ukusuka ngo-1976 uSaramago wayenendlela yakhe yokuxhasa ngokubhala.

Ukukhulisa do Chão kunye nempumelelo ekudala ilindelwe

Umnyhadala ophawulekayo kwikhondo loncwadi likaJosé Saramago yayikukuzinikezela kwakhe emva kwexesha ngo-1980, emva kokumiselwa Ukukhulisa do Chão (Iphakanyisiwe emhlabeni). Yincwadi yenoveli exuba ngobuchule ingxelo ekrwada kwaye -kuphantse ukuba-ngumbongo malunga nabasebenzi bakaLavre. Uphengululo oluhle olufunyenweyo, kunye nempumelelo yencwadi ekuthengiseni, zikhuthaze umbhali wasePortugal ukuba apapashe phantse angayeki kule minyaka ingama-30 izayo.

Kwanobungqina babasondeleyo kuye babonisa ukuba wabhala kwada kwayimini yakhe yokugqibela. Ekugqibeleni, uJosé Saramago wasweleka eneminyaka engama-87 ngenxa yokugula ixesha elide ngenxa ye-leukemia ngoJuni 18, 2010, kwindawo awayehlala kuyo eTías (Lanzarote), eSpain. Ushiye ilifa elingaphezulu kweencwadi ezilishumi elinambini ezipapashwe kuhlobo lwenoveli, iphephandaba, ibali, ibali elifutshane, imidlalo yeqonga kunye nemibongo.

Iimpawu zomsebenzi kaJosé Saramago

Ububanzi bamazwe kunye nobubanzi

Uninzi lweencwadi zikaJosé Saramago zapapashwa ngaphandle kwePortugal yakhe. Uluhlu lwamazwe lukhokelwa yiSpain (ngeSpanish nangesiCatalan), ilandelwa yiFrance, iNetherlands, iJamani (zombini kwiNtshona yeRiphabhlikhi yaseNtshona nakwiMpuma yeDemocratic Republic), iUnited Kingdom, iGrisi, iPoland, iBulgaria, iUSSR, ICzechoslovakia (eCzech naseSlovak), eNorway, eFinland, eDenmark, eSweden, kwaSirayeli, eRomania, eHungary naseSwitzerland.

Uye wasungula ngempumelelo iincwadi eJapan, eMelika, eMexico, eColombia, eArgentina naseBrazil. Iidayari zakhe ezidumileyo (i Iincwadana eziphuma eLanzarote), Kunye neencwadana zakhe zifezekise ukuthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwezithethi zaseSpain. Mhlawumbi imisebenzi yakhe engaziwayo eyaziwayo ihambelana neqonga kunye nemibongo.

USaramago kunye nesimbo sakhe esithile

Ngokwabahlalutyi boncwadi abanjengoMartín Vivaldi okanye uEduardo Miranda Arrieta, kunzima kakhulu ukukhathalaza umsebenzi kaJosé Saramago ngenxa yobude nokuhluka kwawo. Ngale ndlela, umda phakathi kolunye uhlobo kunye nolunye awukho kwaphela kwindalo yombhali wasePortugal, owakhetha ukusebenza phantsi kwesimbo esithile soncwadi esekwe kumxholo nakwinjongo yomyalezo wakhe.

Ngokuphathelene noku, uHerrera Arciniega wathi: “Ukuthatha isigqibo sokuba ubhale inoveli okanye ibali elifutshane, nokuba ubhale imibongo, nokuba wenze umdlalo weqonga, nokuba uza kwenza imbali okanye ukhethe isincoko, inento yokwenza noko ukuvakalisa. Ewe, ngumba wobuchule kunye nezimbo, kunye noqeqesho, kodwa kunye neenjongo malunga nokuba ubhale ntoni… ”.

Ubutyebi kunye nokucacisa

UJosé Saramago uxubene namathuba anikwa luhlobo ngalunye lokumisela iindlela zabo zokubonisa. Kumaphepha ayo kukho imiqolo rhoqo apho ukomelela kulawula ngaphezulu kwesenzo. Eli nqaku libonakala kakhulu kwiinoveli zakhe IVangeli ngoYesu Kristu (1991) kunye Isincoko ngobumfama (amashumi alithoba anesithoba anesihlanu); Zombini ezi zibali zinobuninzi bembali.

Ukudibanisa izinto

Ukongeza, indalo yakhe yokubhala ibonisa ukuguquguquka okukhulu njengombhali, nangona-ngamazwi kaSaramago- egxininise ukwenziwa kweenoveli ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elikhulu. Kwimbali yakhe emininzi (ngaphambi kokuzahlulela) intetho engenakuphikwa yokubhala kwakhe kunye nomsebenzi wakhe wobuntatheli omde uyaqondwa. Ke ngoko, kwi Imithwalo yabahambi (1973) imizekeliso esetyenzisiweyo ihambisa uvakalelo lokufunda ibali.

Ukusetyenziswa ngokugqibeleleyo kolwimi kunye namaxwebhu afanelekileyo

Kwangelo xesha, uSaramago akazange ayisebenzise gwenxa intetho okanye intetho yomlomo; Ngokuchasene noko, wasebenzisa ukujija njengobutyebi obomeleleyo nobusebenzayo xa evakalisa izimvo ngendlela emfutshane necacileyo. Oko kukuthi, isimbo sakhe sidibanise amagqabi kwicala lakhe loncwadi kunye nentetho emfutshane yentatheli. Isidima ngasinye sabekwa kumgca ochanekileyo, ukuze sikuphakamise ngokufanelekileyo okanye siqulathe intetho.

UJosé Saramago, umbhali-mbali kunye nezopolitiko

Iingcinga zakhe ezisekhohlo ziye zabhekiswa ngaphakathi kweziseko zemibutho yezopolitiko engenakubalwa eLatin America (MAS eVenezuela okanye kwiQela labasebenzi eBrazil, umzekelo). UJosé Saramago ubhale evela kwisimo sokuziphatha kwabantu nakwiingxoxo zakhe (umzekelo, kwi Ndingumkhomanisi wamahomoni, noJorge Halperín - 2002) kukho isilogeni esicacileyo sokuchasana nama impiriyali.

Nangona kunjalo, naxa wayesola i-United States ngokuba ngoyena nobangela weziganeko zehlabathi jikelele kule minyaka ingamashumi idlulileyo, uSaramago uhlala egcina isikhundla esibalulekileyo malunga nokusilela kobunzulu kunye nokudibana kweLatin American eseleyo. Nditsho kudliwanondlebe (2002) noEduardo Miranda Arrieta uthe “Okwangoku kule mihla kukusilela kwezimvo. Kwaye akunakwenzeka ukutshintsha izinto ngaphandle kwezimvo ”.

Elinye lamabinzana adumileyo abhekiswe kuSaramago athi "Ukuba umntu wenziwe ziimeko, ke iimeko kufuneka zenziwe ngabantu." Kwaye uyongeza, "Ubungxowankulu abuyenzi, khange buzalelwe loo nto. Kwaye kungangcono ukuba siyayiqonda into yokuba ubusoshiyali abukwenziwanga nokuba ... iimeko ezifunyanwa ngabantu abazizigidi azingobantu, azikaze zibekho kwaye yonke into ibonisa ukuba abayi kubakho ”.

Kwezinye iinoveli zakhe zamva nje -Umqolomba (2000) Indoda ephindiweyo (2002), Isincoko sokwenza i-lucidity (2004) kunye ixesha lokufa (2005) -UJosé Saramago uphonononga imiba enje ngokuthenga abathengi, ukulahleka kwesazisi kuluntu oluninzi, imida yedemokhrasi kunye nokukhuthaza ukungafundi okusebenzayo njengenkqubo yolawulo.

Iincwadi zikaJosé Saramago

Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu lwemisebenzi kaSaramago, uninzi lwazo lufanelwe kukuba phakathi Iincwadi ezili-100 ezilungileyo.

Novelas

• Umhlaba wesono (1947).
• Incwadana yemizobo kunye necalligraphy (1977).
• Iphakanyisiwe emhlabeni (1980).
• Iinkumbulo zomzi woonongendi (1982).
• Unyaka wokusweleka kukaRicardo Reis (1984).
• Isihlenga selitye (1986).
• Imbali yokurhangqwa kweLisbon (1989).
• IVangeli ngoYesu Kristu (1991).
• Isincoko ngobumfama (1995).
• Onke amagama (1997).
• Umqolomba (2000).
• Indoda ephindiweyo (2004).
• Isincoko kwiLucidity (2004).
• ixesha lokufa (2005).
• Indlovu (2008).
• UKayin (2009).
• Isibhakabhaka; ebhalwe ngo-1953, yapapashwa ngo-2011 emva kokubhubha kwakhe.

Imibongo

• Imibongo enokwenzeka (1966).
• Mhlawumbi uvuyo (1970).
• Unyaka we-1993 (1975).

Amabali

• Phantse into (1978).
• Ibali lesiqithi esingaziwayo (1998).

Uhambo

• Uhambo oluya ePortugal (1981).

Iidayari

• Iincwadana zeLanzarote 1993-1995 (1997).
• Iincwadana zeLanzarote II 1996-1997 (2002).
• Incwadana yokubhalela (2009).
• Incwadana yokugqibela (2011).
• Incwadana yonyaka kaNobel (2018).

Iincwadi zabantwana - ulutsha

• eyona ntyatyambo inkulu ehlabathini (2001).
• Ukuthula kwamanzi (2011).
• Ingwenya (2016).