Iincwadi ezi-5 zokufunda imbali yobugcisa
Iincwadi ezi-5 zokufunda imbali yobugcisa esiza kuzikhankanya apha ngezantsi ziyireferensi yootitshala nabafundi besi sifundo sibangela umdla. Babalisa ngendaleko ngokuhamba kwexesha kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa, ezinjengobugcisa, umculo kunye noncwadi, oluvele kwimfuno yendalo yokuvakalisa kwicala lomntu wamandulo.
Nangona olu tshintsho ludityaniswe kunye ngemifanekiso, ulwimi, isandi kunye nezixhobo ezixubeneyo, Iincwadi ezinesihloko esithi “imbali yobugcisa” phantse zisoloko zijolise ekutyhileni ezona ndawo zindala zokupeyinta nolwimi olubonwayo., ukuqala ukusuka ekukhawulweni kwayo kwimbali yangaphambili ukuya kwezona ntshukumo zangoku, ezifana ne-hyperrealism, i-minimalism kunye nobugcisa bengqiqo.
Indlela yokufunda ngembali yobugcisa
Ngokungafaniyo nemisebenzi efana nokwakha, amayeza okanye ubunjineli, imbali yobugcisa inokufundwa uzifundise ngokupheleleyo. Nangona iya kuhlala ibalulekile kwingcali ukukhokela umfundi kwinkqubo yabo yokufunda, Itekhnoloji ivale umsantsa okhoyo phakathi kolwazi nomntu ofuna ukulufumana. Kule mihla kuyenzeka ukuba ufumane ootitshala abakhulu kwiYouTube.
Izixhobo ezifana neencwadi eziphathekayo okanye ze-elektroniki ziya zifumaneka kuye wonke umntu, nto leyo, kufanelekile ukuyithetha, yinto ekufuneka isetyenziswe ngeyona ndlela ingcono. Uqheliselo olunjengokukhangela isicwangciso sokufunda kwiyunivesiti edumileyo kunye nokufunda ibhibliyografi egunyazisiweyo, okanye ukuchitha iiyure ezimbini uphonononga izicatshulwa kwiingcali zizixhobo eziza kubonelela ngemvelaphi kulo naliphi na iqela elinomdla.
Iincwadi ezicetyiswayo zokufunda ngembali yobugcisa
Olu, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, lolona luhlu lwangoku:
1. Ubugcisa, ingqondo kunye nengqondo: Indlela yokuqonda yokuyila (2005)
Le ncwadi yengqondo yengqondo ibhalwe nguNjingalwazi Howard Gardner uphonononga iinkqubo zokuyila komntu, ngokukodwa, indlela ebonakaliswa ngayo ngobugcisa. Umbhali ubalula ukubaluleka kokuphonononga indlela ubugcisa obubonakala bumi ngaphezu kolwimi. Ukwenza oku, ifunda imveliso kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo, njengaleyo yabantwana kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.
Umbhali usebenzisa amanani eentsana eziqhelekileyo, ezinesiphiwo, kunye neempawu ze-pathological.Kuyenzeka okufanayo nakwimibono yabantu abadala, ayisebenzisela injongo enye, kubandakanywa umntu omdala oqhelekileyo, lowo unengxaki yokwenzakala kwengqondo, ukwindawo eyahlukileyo kunye neyegcisa elikwelona xesha lilo lokudala. Kwakhona Ababhali abanjengoChomsky, uGoodman, uLanger kunye noCassirer bayakhankanywa.
2. Iimfihlelo zemisebenzi yobugcisa (2016)
URose Marie kunye noRainer Hagen bahlula imisebenzi emikhulu yobugcisa bembali, bayihlalutye isiqwenga ngasinye, emva koko bayidibanise njengephazili yokugqibela. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokusebenzisa i-canvases eyaziwa ngumntu wonke, Ababhali baceba ukufumana zonke iimfihlo ezifihliweyo, ezityhila uluntu, inkcubeko kunye nezopolitiko zexesha elidlulileyo, ixesha elisazigcina zintsonkothile.
Ngoko ke, ababhali bazibuza le mibuzo ilandelayo: “Isithunzi semfazwe sihamba njani kwindawo yokudanisa?” Kutheni le nto indoda inxibe ikepusi?Ngaba umtshakazi ukhulelwe? Ukutyhila iimpendulo, kuyimfuneko ukuba kugxininiswe nakwezona nkcukacha zincinane, kuquka nomxholo kunye nomhla owenziwe ngawo le mizobo, ukusuka eYiputa yamandulo ukuya emaphandleni aseFransi.
3. Ubugcisa: Imbali yembonakalo eqinisekileyo (2008)
Ikhutshwe ngumpapashi uDorling Kindersley (DK), Yeyona ncwadi ipheleleyo yembali yobugcisa inokufumaneka kwimarike. Ixela indlela iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa zavela kwaye zavela ngayo, ukusuka kwimbali yangaphambili, nge-classicism, iRenaissance yase-Italian, i-romanticism kunye ne-avant-garde. Le ncwadi ibhentsisa amagcisa angaphezu kwamakhulu asixhenxe.
Phakathi kwabo, abantu abaqhelene nabo bakudala abanjengoLeonardo da Vinci, uPicasso noVan Gogh bagqama, abareferensi babo abanakuze bayeke ukuba sefashonini. Lo msebenzi ukwahlalutya iintshukumo zobugcisa, imvelaphi yazo kunye nefuthe ezibe nazo. kubadali abalandelayo kwiminyaka, ukongeza kubuchule obusetyenziswa yigcisa ngalinye elikhankanywe ngasentla ukuba liphefumlelwe kwaye lisebenze.
4. imbali yobugcisa (1950)
Mhlawumbi EH Gombrich Bendingazi ukuba umsebenzi wakhe uyakuba sisiseko kangakanani na xa ethatha isigqibo sokubhala le ncwadi, kodwa kufumaniseke ukuba ebefundisa abalandeli neengcali ngembali yakhe ngaphezu kwezizukulwana ezihlanu. Inikezelwe ngefomathi yesicatshulwa esibalisayo njenge "ikhonkco eliphilayo elisekho nanamhlanje lidibanisa ixesha langoku kunye nexesha leephiramidi."
Ichazwe ngolwimi olulula noluthe ngqo, isihloko Ikhupha lonke ulwazi lukaGombrich kunye nezakhono zonxibelelwano.. Oku kubalisa imbali yobugcisa ngokungathi yeyona noveli inika umdla kwezakha zabhalwa, ngelixa isondeza umfundi kwiziseko zoqeqesho lobugcisa, amabali angeenkosi kunye nomxholo wenkcubeko yentlalo owawongameleyo.
5. Ujonge ntoni?: Iminyaka eyi-150 yobugcisa bale mihla ngokuqhwanyaza kweliso (2013)
UWill Gompertz, intatheli nomalathisi wezobugcisa we-BBC, uchaza indlela ubugcisa bale mihla obuye badunyiswa kwaye bahlonelwa ngayo ngabantu bezobugcisa nababukeli. Umbhali inceda ukuqonda ukuvela kweli sebe lobugcisa beplastiki ukusuka ekudalweni kwalo ngo-1860 ukuya kwincopho yalo ngo-1970., ukongeza ekuphuhlisweni kwayo ngexesha leentsuku zethu kwinkampani yabona balinganiswa abagqwesileyo kwishishini.
Umbhali uthi zonke iintshukumo zinxulumene ngokungaphakathi kwabanye, kodwa zinendlela yazo yokuqondwa nokusondela kuyo. Ngamnye unesitayile esithile kunye neempembelelo ezinokuthi zibe zezopolitiko, ezentlalo, iteknoloji kunye nobugcisa. Ukwatsho njalo Ukwazi imigaqo esisiseko yobugcisa yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuziqhelanisa ngexesha lotshintsho.. Ngokunjalo, uthi abantu bathathele ingqalelo iintsingiselo.
Izigqibo
Imbali yobugcisa lulwandiso lobuntu. Ngoko, Yindawo yolwazi enokufundwa kwaye ifundwe ngokufunda ngokucokisekileyo izihloko., ngendlela efanayo eyenzekayo kwifilosofi kunye neengqondo. Ngalo mqondo, yintoni enokuba ngcono ukuqonda le marike kunokukhokelwa zezona ngqondo ziqaqambileyo ngaphakathi kwehlabathi lobugcisa?