Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-1722, ngo-XNUMX, incwadi Idayari yonyaka wesibetho Umbhali waseBritani kunye nentatheli uDaniel Defoe. Ke, umbhali wayaziwa ngenoveli yakhe URobinson inqanawa, wabalisa ngento eyenzekayo ngexesha lesibetho esikhulu saseLondon ngo-1665.
Ke ngoko, nangona umbhali ebonakala njengombali obubungqina, inyani kukuba xa isibetho sahlasela iLondon, wayeneminyaka emihlanu kuphela ubudala. Ngokufanelekileyo, umfundi uzifumanisa ephambi kobugcisa obuchanekileyo kunye nebali "lamava", esekwe kwiziganeko zokwenyani (engazange yabonwa ngumbhali wayo). Nangona kunjalo, ngumsebenzi wobuntatheli onobungqina kunye neerekhodi zokwenyani zexesha.
Biography kaDaniel Defoe
UDaniel Defoe, kuyabonakala ukuba, wazalelwa eLondon nge-10 ka-Okthobha ka-1660 kwaye wasweleka kweso sixeko ngo-Epreli 24, 1731. Ukwabonwa njengomnye woovulindlela kuhlobo lwenoveli, eyaziwayo kwilizwe liphela ngomsebenzi wakhe wokuqala wobuxoki. Robinson crusoe (1719). Kwakhona Waye wabalasela njenge ntatheli, de yangumakhi wezo nto zibizwa ngokuba zii-economics.
Ukongeza, wanikezela ubomi bakhe kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yorhwebo, ebandakanya icandelo lempahla eyolukiweyo okanye ukuthengiswa kwezitena, umzekelo. Ngaphambili, wayeqale kwimisebenzi yobufundisi, kodwa wayishiya ngenxa yenkuthazo yeshishini. Kamva, Wayeyinxalenye yoburhulumente ngeenkonzo ezifihlakeleyo zelizwe lakhe, usebenza kwimagazini ukuxhasa icandelo elithile lezopolitiko.
UDaniel Defoe: indoda
Umbhali wase-Bhritane wayengunyana wabazali baseRhabe, abaziwa ngokungavumelani neemfundiso ezibalulekileyo zeCawa yaseNgilani. Uyise uJames wayengumthengisi wezilwanyana ozinikeleyo, ngelixa wayeneminyaka eyi-10 wayeyinkedama ngumama wakhe u-Annie. Ngokukodwa Xa wayeneminyaka esixhenxe waqalisa uqeqesho kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo, wayeka ukuba ngumrhwebi.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusilela ebomini bakhe njengomrhwebi kwaziwa ngokubanzi, kuphawulwa ngamatyala awomeleleyo nasisigxina awamkhokelela entolongweni. Ngaphandle koku, wayeza kuthatha isikhephe kunye nomhlaba othile, ngaphandle kokufumana iziphumo ezinenzuzo. Ngaphandle koku, wanyanzelisa ukuzama ithamsanqa kubomi bakhe bothando; Ngo-1684 watshata noMary Tuffley, owayenabantwana abasibhozo kunye naye.
Ubomi bezopolitiko kunye noncwadi
Ngonyaka 1701, UDaniel Defoe wapapasha umsebenzi wokuqala awayeza kwamkela ngawo, Isingesi sokwenyani. Ngokuphathelele olu papasho, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba umbhali wase-Bhritane uthathe indawo yokukhusela uKing William III. Ngale ndlela, imeko yakhe yencwadana (awayeyaziwa ngayo kwaye enengxaki phambi komthetho) yayiza kuqinisekiswa.
Enyanisweni, UDefoe wavalelwa ngenxa yencwadana leyo Eyona ndlela imfutshane kunye nabaphikisi, yiparody on the Tories yeCawa. Ukusukela oko wabeka oku sele kukhankanyiwe "kwipilili" kwaye wabatyhilela ukugculelwa esidlangalaleni (ukusuka apho kwavela eyakhe Umhobe ePillory). Umfundi unokusebenzisa ezi zibhalo zimbini ukuqonda imeko yezopolitiko yeetekisi zakhe ngaphambi kweenoveli ezinokumenza adume.
Inoveli yakhe
Ngokubhekisele kwimisebenzi yeentsomi epapashwe nguDaniel Defoe, inoveli ye-1719 enesihloko Robinson crusoe. Ndiyabulela kwesi sihloko uDefoe wazuza ukuqonda jikelele. Kuyo ubalisa ngeemeko ezingaginyisi mathe zomntu oye waphukelwa ngumkhombe. (Ephefumlelwe libali eliyinyani lomatiloshe u-Alexander Selkirk owayephukelwe ngumkhombe kwisiqithi sePasifiki).
Ngokufanayo, Kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya ezinye iinoveli zakhe ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: IiAdventures zikaCaptain Singleton (1720) kunye Idayari yonyaka wesibetho (1722). Kowokuqala, omnye ubona uthando (umbulelo) lwendoda enye ukuya kwelinye elikwaziyo ukutshintsha ubomi bayo bentshabalalo kunye nolwazelelo lwasentlalweni.
Malunga Idayari yonyaka wesibetho
Uhlobo kunye nenjongo
Kule ncwadi umfundi uya kufumana uhlobo ezingapheliyo ngeziganeko zesibetho esikhulu saseLondon. Apho umbalisi anomdla wokuxela ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa kubonakala ngathi akabandakanyeki ngokupheleleyo kwinto eyenzekileyo. Nangeyiphi ndlela, Inokuqatshelwa into yokuba esi sisimbo soncwadi esibhalwe kakuhle kwaye siphandwe kakuhle.
Ngexesha Idayari yonyaka wesibetho ngumsebenzi weentsomi, UDefoe wabonisa izakhono zakhe zophando ngendlela yakhe yokuqokelela ubungqina kunye neerekhodi ezisemthethweni. Ngenxa yoko, umfundi unokubona ukusondela komlinganiswa ophambili kunye nombalisi. Ukongeza, injongo enkulu yayikukushiya isizukulwana senkumbulo iimpembelelo zentlekele eyafunyanwa ngo-1665 ngesibetho.
Umxholo omkhulu wenoveli
Le noveli yesiNgesi, enobalo ngokulandelelana kwayo kunye nokubalisa kwithoni yamava, isebenza kumxholo wembali wesibetho esikhulu saseLondon. Njengoko kusaziwa, iYurophu yayisele ifumene intlekele yesibetho se-bubonic ukusukela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. Nangona kunjalo, abantu baseLondon balindele amava aphindaphindwayo kwesi sifo sinye ngo-1665, nge-20% yabemi baso besifa.
Umbono wombhali wentlekele
Ngokufanayo, akunakuthethwa ukuba yinoveli kuphela enomxholo oyintsomi okanye umxholo. Ngokuchaseneyo, Idayari yonyaka wesibetho ilungisa ubhubhane kunye nezinye iziseko zamayeza. Ukongeza, uDefoe waxhasa umba ngamanani kunye nobungqina besiganeko esaphawula isizukulwana.
Ngezi zizathu, Umbono wombali unikwe ubuchule kunye nokunyanzelwa. Ngokunjalo, njengoko inoveli ngaphandle kwengxoxo, umfundi ubona imbonakalo ethembekileyo yokupeyinta (oku, kunika umsebenzi ukubaluleka okukhulu).
Isishwankathelo se Idayari yonyaka wesibetho
Lo msebenzi ubalisa ngokweenkcukacha ngendlela eyothusayo oko kwenzekayo ebudeni besibetho esikhulu saseLondon sowe-1665. Ngelo xesha, eso sifo sasiyinto eyoyikisayo phakathi kwabantu baseBritane ... eyaba yinto yamaphupha amabi. Ekuqaleni, uDefoe - ngombalisi-unika iintshumayelo malunga nemeko yomntu kunye nezinto ezibangelwa sisibetho esingaphaya kwendalo.
Emva koko, umrhwebi uzinikezela ekuchazeni ngokweenkcukacha iimeko zentlalo zemihla ngemihla ezibangelwa kukusasazeka kwesi sifo. Endleleni yakhe kwizitrato zaseLondon, Umbhali akazange alibazise ukubonisa eyona ndawo ilusizi yedolophu enkulu ngamabali amancinci nawesothusayo.
Ilifa
Umxholo we Idayari yonyaka wesibetho inokusebenza ngonaphakade. Kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu, zimbini iziganeko zokufikelela kwihlabathi eziphindaphindiweyo ezingqina oku. Owokuqala, ubhubhane womkhuhlane (umkhuhlane weentaka, i-H1N1) ka-1918. Owesibini, ubhubhane weSars-Cov-2 owaqala ngo-2020.
Ubhubhane wango-1918 ukuya ku-1920 wabizwa ngokuba yi "Spanish Flu" kuba yahlasela amajoni alwa kwimisele yase-France ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu (eyathi emva kwexesha yabizwa ngokuba "yiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala") kodwa owokuqala ukunika ingxelo yayingumaphephandaba waseSpain, owayengathathi cala kwaye ngokulawulwa yimfazwe. Kuthiwa le ntsholongwane yaguquka eMelika yaza yasasazwa ngamajoni ayokulwa e-Yuropu ngo-1917, nangona kukho intelekelelo yokutshintshwa kwentsholongwane yomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo ovezwa zizixhobo zamachiza (iigesi eziyityhefu) ezisetyenziswa ngamacala omabini. kwimfazwe eyabangelwa ngamabhongo okwandisa abalawuli baseYurophu. Izigidi zabantu abaswelekileyo ngenxa yamabhongo amadoda anyolukileyo angazange abubhence ubomi bawo edabini kwaye xa baphulukanayo baya elubhacweni njengoWilhelm II waseJamani, ukubulawa kwabantu ngenzondelelo owayalela ukubulawa kukaHereros noNamas ngo-1904-1908 ngoku- Usuku lweNamibia.