Vadetembi 9 vane mukurumbira vekuSpain

Vadetembi vakuru vakazvarwa kubva mutsamba dzeSpanish. Kuita sarudzo yezvakakosha zvakanyanya kwakaoma, saka muchinyorwa chino vamwe vevanyori vane mukurumbira munhetembo dzeSpanish vakasarudzwa. Kunyangwe, hongu, sezvo iri sarudzo, mazita akakosha kana vanyori vemazuva ano vanogona kunge vasipo.

Saizvozvowo, zvakasarudzwa kuita runyora chete nevadetembi, nokuti vanyori vanoda sarudzo yakasiyana.

kusarudzwa kwevadetembi

Federico Garcia Lorca (1898-1936)

Chokwadi zita iri nderimwe reanonyanyozivikanwa. Zvakawanda zvakataurwa pamusoro pebasa rake uyewo nezvemunyori. Pamwe nokuti hunhu hwekunyora uye kuurayiwa kwake munguva yehondo yevagari veSpain kwakatisiya tese tichinetseka kuti chii chimwe chingave nemunyori García Lorca. Nekuti anonzi shasha, ane mukurumbira pasi rose, akafa aine makore makumi matatu nemasere. Pamusoro penhetembo dzake, basa rake rinonakidza raipembererwa zvikuru.

Aive chikamu chechizvarwa che27, boka revadetembi vakapanana mazano uye mutsara wemanyorerwo akazosiyana zvakanyanya. Yakanga iri nzira yekuunganidza vadetembi vakanyanya panguva ino avo vakanga vasisiri vechizvarwa che'98 kana cheNoucentisme. Chero zvazvingava, vakagovana avant-garde uye mweya wekuvandudza.

Federico García Lorca akashanyira Residencia de Estudiantes kuMadrid uye akagovana hushamwari naLuis Buñuel naSalvador Dalí. Maitiro ake aitevera avant-garde yenguva uye madimikira, pesvedzero yechikadzi uye hupenyu hwenyika hwakazara.. Basa rake rakawana mukurumbira mukuru uye rakapesvedzera zvine mutsindo basa rakazotevera revamwe vanyori; Mukuwedzera, ave uye anoramba ari mumwe wevanyori vakadzidza zvikuru mumabhuku echiSpanish. Basa renhetembo rinonyanya kukosha: Cante jondo nhetembo (1921), Gypsy kudanana (1928), Nyanduri muNew York (1930), rima rudo soneti (1936).

Green ndinoda iwe girini.

Miguel Hernandez (1910-1942)

Miguel Hernández akaberekerwa muOrihuela (Alicante) mumhuri yaizokurumidza kutanga kutambura nehupfumi hwayo. Nechikonzero ichi nyanduri aifanira kusiya chikoro kuti abatsire vabereki vake. Zvakadaro, Kuda kuziva kwake uye kufarira kuverenga kwakamuita kuti awane nhetembo dzemhando yepamusoro uye akaburitsa nhetembo dzake mumagazini emuno senge. Guta reOrihuela. Asi aizosvetukira kuMadrid, kwaaizokweshana mapendekete nevamwe vanyori. Mafungiro ekunyora anowanikwa nehukama hwake nevanyori aizomubatsira kukura semunyori. Pamusoro pekuzvipa kune nhetembo dzake, aishingaira zvikuru nekubatana kwakasiyana-siyana kwekunyora uye tsika.

Pamusoro penhetembo, akarimawo mitambo yemitambo. Miguel Hernández ndomumwe wevakuru vemabhuku uye zvakare akafa achiri mudiki kubva kuchirwere cherurindi chisina kurapwa kubva mujeri, kwaakasvika mushure mokurwa muhondo yevagari vemo kudivi reRepublican. Kana vangosungwa, mutongo werufu wakaiswa, kunyange zvazvo wakachinjwa kuva makore makumi matatu mujeri. Asi kurwara kwaaiita, aizofira mujeri reAlicante.

Basa rake raive rakabatana neinonzi "nhetembo dzehondo", asi zvakare ane zvinyorwa zvepedyo uye odes kune varimi.. Kunyangwe aive iye munyori wechizvarwa chemakumi maviri nenomwe, maitiro ake anosiyana zvishoma kubva kune mamwe eboka. Zvimwe zvezviunganidzwa zvake zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvenhetembo ndeizvi Mheni isingamiri (1936), Village mhepo (1937), Munhu anoteya (1938) kana Rwiyo rwiyo uye mabharadhi ekusavapo (1938-1941).

Ndiani, akasimudza miti yemiorivhi?

Antonio Machado (1875-1939)

Pamusoro pekunyora nhetembo, Antonio Machado aivewo munyori ane mukurumbira wekutamba uye munyori wengano. Aive wechizvarwa che'98 uye ihama yemumwe mudetembi Manuel Machado.. Akadzidza kuInstitución Libre de Enseñanza uye akabatanidzwa mune zvekunyora zvenguva yake, achibatana nevanyori nevanyori muMadrid. Aive purofesa wemutauro wechiFrench uye kukosha kwake semunyori muchiSpanish kwakaita kuti apinde muRoyal Academy yeMutauro muna 1927. Munguva yehondo yevagari vemo akaramba achishingairira kudivi reRepublican achibhejera pakudzivirira kufambira mberi kwetsika. Akafa muna 1939 achangoyambuka muganhu weFrance, muCoillure.

Kunyange zvazvo kuchema kworufu rwomudzimai wake muduku kwakamuremedza kwenguva refu, Machado aizosangana nomukadzi akamukurudzira muzvinhu zvake zvaakasika, Guiomar akakurumbira, waakatsaurira kwaari zhinji dzenhetembo dzake. Manyorerwo ake akapesvedzerwa nedivi rehuzivi uye renjere raizoumbwa nekufamba kwenguva kuenda kunhetembo dzemuSpain.. Kwenguva yake, Rubén Darío weNicaragua aizoumba simba rose mubasa rake rose. Nezvebasa rake renhetembo rinomira pachena Minda yeCastile (1912) uye Solitudes, maberere uye dzimwe nhetembo (1919).

Imbirai nyika yangu inokandira maruva kuna Jesu wenhamo.

Juan Ramon Jimenez (1881-1958)

Juan Ramón Jiménez akapiwa mubairo weNobel weLiterature muna 1956. Munguva yehondo yevagari vemo akasarudza kubva kuSpain ndokugara pakati peUnited States, Cuba nePuerto Rico, kwaaizofira. Mudzimai wake, Zenobia, akanga ari mutoro unokosha mubasa rake. Kune rumwe rutivi, maitiro ake anobva kuFrench symbolism, modernism uye Rubén Darío. Asi basa rake rakasiyana mukati merwendo rwakadzama rwekunyora, kufamba pakati manzwiro uye kuora mwoyo, zvakakosha uye zvemweya kudarika, runako uye zvinoreva rufu.

basa rake mune prose Platero neni (1914) ndeimwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa uye akakosha emunyori. Bhuku rake renhetembo rine mukurumbira nderechokwadi Kusurukirwa kunonzwika (1911), kunyangwe iyewo anomira kunze kune ake elegies; uye sezvo basa rake rakawanda kwazvo, kusarudzwa uye anthologies akaitwa ebasa rake renhetembo anogona kunyanya kusimbiswa.

Unondirwadzisa chii nhai rufu?

Gustavo Adolfo Becquer (1836-1870)

Akanga ari munyori wezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe uye mudetembi, mutsigiri weSpanish Romanticism. Akazvarirwa muSeville mwanakomana wemhuri yeFlemish mavambo, vatengesi nevapendi. Akapesvedzerwa zvikuru nehunyanzvi uye kubva achiri mudiki akave nehunyanzvi hwekudhirowa, kudhirowa nemimhanzi.. Ichi chirango chekupedzisira chaizovawo chakakosha kune zvinyorwa zvake. Sezvinei akademba nhetembo yake achigadzirawo nziyo. Asi Bécquer aizove munyori ane mukurumbira watinoziva aine bhuku rinoenderana nekupokana kwaakasangana nako muhupenyu hwake. Akarwara netibhii achiri mudiki, chirwere chaizomuurayisa..

Ukuwo, manyorero ake akapatsanurwa pakati peakakwirira neakakurumbira, asi iko kunzwa kwake kunozobatanidza basa rake rose. Zvisikwa uye rudo rweplatonic, rwakafemerwa nevakadzi vakasiyana siyana muhupenyu hwake, vaizoumbawo mamwe madingindira akakosha uye zviwanikwa mubasa rake. Saizvozvowo, canonyatso tsiva kugona kwake kurondedzera nekutaura kwenhetembo mune izvo zvisikwa zvake zvakakosha, Rhymes y Ngano.

Uri nhetembo.

Francisco de Quevedo (1580-1645)

Francisco de Quevedo aive wemhuri ine mukurumbira uye akadzidza paYunivhesiti yeAlcalá de Henares. Pamusoro pekuve munyori, aive nemabasa akasiyana mune zvematongerwo enyika zvepanguva yake. Mumuviri, akatanhamara nokuda kwokuva akaremara uye kuva nezvinetso zvakakomba zvokuona. Ruvengo rwake uye kupesana kwenjere nemumwe wevanyori vakuru veSpanish Baroque, Luis de Góngora, aizivikanwa kubva pakutanga.. Zvisinei, akaramba aine hukama hwakaoma nedzimwe nhengo dzeCastilian Court uye akabatanidzwa mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvakamuendesa mujeri kwekanguva.

Basa renhetembo raQuevedo idenho huru kune njere dzemuverengi. Izere nemadimikira, neologisms, puns, mifananidzo yemanzwiro, kana zvinyorwa zvengano izvo panzvimbo yekudutira munhetembo, zvinogadzira hupfumi hunoratidza.. Francisco de Quevedo muenzaniso wemunyori weSpanish Golden Age, imwe yenguva dzakanakisa dzemabhuku edu. Uyu munyori anozivikanwa nekuvandudza pfungwa, chimiro chekunyora chinowana nezviwanikwa zvese izvi kurerutsa pfungwa nekuda kwekubatana kwemazano. Zvinoita sedzakavhiringika kana shongedzero zvinonyatso simbisa pfungwa. Pamusoro pebasa rake masonnets ake, nhetembo dzake dzekunyomba uye nhetembo yake "Rudo rwenguva dzose kupfuura rufu" zvine mukurumbira zvikuru..

Vachave guruva, guruva rerudo rakawanda.

Luis de Gongora (1561-1627)

Luis de Góngora, sahwira wezana ramakore naQuevedo, aizivawo kuparura nemabhuku echinyakare nekuda kwemutauro wake mutsva. Ndinodzidza paYunivhesiti yeSalamanca. Akazvarirwa mumhuri yakapfuma uye akanga ari mufundisi mucathedral yeCórdoba uye gare gare mufundisi waMambo Felipe III.. Pasinei nezvose izvi, aigara achitsvaka nyaradzo yemari. Pamusoro pezvo, akashorwa nokuda kwemarara ake uye hunhu hwake hwakafumuka nekuda kwenzvimbo dzechitendero dzaaive nadzo.

Kana Quevedo aive mutsigiri wekufungidzira, Góngora aimiririra culteranismo, mumwe mutsetse wedetembo weSpanish Golden Age. Inoratidzwawo nehupfumi hwayo hunoratidza uye kugona kwezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa; zvisinei, chimiro chenhetembo (mashandisirwo emazwi uye maumbirwo emitsara) chaive chakakosha kudarika zviri mukati kana meseji pachayo. Mabasa ake akakosha ndeaya Polyphemus y Solitudes, zvinyorwa zvekare zvezvinyorwa zvepasi rose zvetsamba dzeHispanic. Inoratidza zvakare Ngano yePyramus uye Thisbe. Pasina kupokana, Góngora aive mumwe wevanyori vakuru veSpanish venguva dzese uye nekuda kwehungwaru hwake achiri kuseta mafambiro pamwe naFrancisco de Quevedo munhetembo dzemazuva ano.

Panyika, muutsi, muguruva, mumumvuri, pasina chinhu.

Lope de Vega (1562-1635)

Akazvarwa muMadrid, mumhuri inozvininipisa inokudzwa. Kubvira achiri muduku akatanga kuverenga nokudzidza nevaJesuit. Akatangawo kunyora zvinyorwa zvake zvekutanga achiri mwana. Lope de Vega akachengetedza hupenyu hunoshanda hwemanzwiro; Aiva nevana gumi nevashanu vakanyorwa, pakati pevana vepamutemo nevekunze. Ichi chinogona kunge chiri chimwe chezvimiro zvehupenyu hwako zvinonyanya kukosha. Matambudziko ake eskiketi akamuendesa kuutapwa kwechinguva uye akabatanidza kunyora nevemauto. Aishandira vakuru vakasiyana-siyana vachiita basa rokutarisira, asi chaiva chokwadi kuti aifanira kushanda nesimba kuti ariritire vana vake vose. Basa rake somunyori rakanga rakakura chaizvo..

Iyo ndeyeGoridhe Age uye zvakare yaive nemakakatanwa ayo nemukuru wevanyori vese mumutauro weCastilian, Miguel de Cervantes. Kukwikwidzana pakati pehofori dzeminhenga kwakanga kwakajairika panguva iyoyo. Kunyangwe achinyanya kuzivikanwa nemitambo yake, nhetembo yaLope de Vega ndeimwe yeanonyanyo zivikanwa muzvinyorwa zveSpanish. Masoneti ake ibasa rake rakakosha zvikuru, asi rhymes yake zvakare inobuda pachena.. Mushure medambudziko riripo uye kufa kwemukadzi wake wekupedzisira nemwanakomana wake waaida Lope de Vega akasarudza kuva muprista. Yenguva ino ndiyo Nziyo dzinoyera. Zvinokoshawo ndizvo Nhetembo dzevanhu uye dzehumwari naVaBurguillos.

Urwu ndirwo rudo, akaedza anozviziva.

Mutsvene Johane weMuchinjikwa (1542-1591)

Akazvarwa muFontiveros (Ávila) uye aive mutepi wechitendero uye mudetembi. Iye ndiye akakurudzira shanduko yeOrder of Our Lady yeGomo reKarimeri. Panguva imwe cheteyo akanga ari muvambi weChirongwa cheVakadzingwa vaKarimeri pamwe chete naTeresa Mutsvene waJesu, tsigiro huru kwaari. Akaitwa mutsvene muna 1726 naPope Benedict XIII. Akapesvedzera zvakanyanya basa revamwe vanyori vepasirese vepashure nepasirese..

Akanga ari mumiririri mukuru wenhetembo dzisinganzwisisike, dziri pamagumo eSpanish Renaissance. Basa rake renhetembo rinofanira kunzwisiswa senhevedzano yezviitiko zvechitendero zvepamusoro. Mutsvene Johane weMuchinjikwa anoshandura kunyarara kwekufungisisa nemunamato kuita mazwi nenzira yakayerwa asi inoshamisa. Basa rake rinokosha nderokuti Husiku husiku, Rwiyo rwemweya y moto unorarama werudo.

Gara, undikanganwe, chiso changu chakagadzika pane Mudiwa.