Kubatsira kwevasina basa

Kubatsira kwevasina basa. Ratidza, ibhuku rakaitwa napurofesa uye muzivi weItaly Nuccio Ordine. Yakashandurwa muchiSpanish naJordi Bayod uye ikaburitswa neAcantilado imba yekutsikisa muna2013. Inotsoropodza kudzikisirwa kwevanhu vanodzidziswa munharaunda. Zvakanaka, mumaonero emunyori weCalabrian, kugadziridzwa kwedzidzo uye zvehunyanzvi zvidzidzo zvinoiswa pamberi mukufarira zviitiko "zvinobatsira".

Vanyori vanoongorora vakaita saMiguel Guerra (2013) vanobva kuYunivhesiti yeZaragoza vakasimbisa mukutsigira nzira dzakanyorwa Kubatsira kwevasina basa. Guerra anoburitsa, "... kubudikidza nechero remapeji aro uchawana anecdote, chirevo, kucherechedzwa kunopembedza kukosha kwekuparadzira bhuku iri." Basa raOdine rinoratidzira nzvimbo iyo huchokwadi hunoratidzika kunge hunosimbiswazve zuva nezuva.

Nezve munyori, Nuccio Ordine

Nuccio Ordine akaberekerwa muDiamante, Calabria, muna Chikunguru 18, 1958. Iye anoonekwa seane chiremera paRenaissance uye zvazvino nyaya dzeGiordano Bruno. Parizvino anodzidzisa Zvinyorwa zveItaly kuYunivhesiti yeCalabria. Iye zvakare anokudzwa nhengo yeCentre yeItaly Renaissance Zvidzidzo paHarvard University uye Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung.

Saizvozvowo, Ordine chikamu chevashandi vekudyidzana kumayunivhesiti mazhinji eAmerica (Yale, New York) neEuropean (EHESS, olecole Normale Supérieure Paris) mayunivhesiti., University Institute yeParis, pakati pevamwe). Mabasa ake akashandurwa mumitauro inopfuura gumi neshanu. Iye zvakare ari munyori we Mhanya kubva paSera uye director weakakurumbira Renaissance kuunganidzwa muNaples, Turin neMilan.

Kuti upinde muchirevo, chidimbu chebasa

"Muchadenga chekushandisa, sando yakakosha kudarika symphony, banga rinopfuura nhetembo," chipanera kupfuura pendi: nekuti zviri nyore kutora kushanda kwemidziyo pachinenge chichiwedzera kuoma kunzwisisa mimhanzi, zvinyorwa kana hunyanzvi hungashandiswa.

«Iwo mapeji anotevera haafanire kunyepedzera ekuumba echinyorwa zvinyorwa. Ivo vanoratidza kupatsanurwa kwakavakurudzira. Nechikonzero ichi zvakare musoro wenyaya -Manifesto- ungaratidzika kunge usingaenzaniswi uye uchida chinzvimbo dai waisaruramiswa nemweya wehondo unogara uchiratidza basa iri.

Maumbirwo ebasa

Kubva pakutanga, munyori anoratidza kurudziro yake yekunyora rondedzero, inoenderana nemweya wake wekurwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, Ordine anojekesa kuti fungidziro yake yanga isiri yekujekesa chinyorwa chekunyora, nekudaro, nyaya yake haina chinangwa kana kukwana. Iye anoshandisa maanalogies akatorwa kubva mumagwaro kubva panguva dzakasiyana dzakapihwa mune imwe nhevedzano yekuverengwa kwenguva kupembedza nharo yake kubva Kubatsira kwevasina basa.

Zvitsauko zvitatu

Iri bhuku rakakamurwa kuita zvitsauko zvitatu:

• Iwo ekutanga anoongorora mabhenefiti ezvinyorwa uye nezvimwe "zvisina basa" hunyanzvi.
• Yechipiri yakatsaurirwa kune shanduko yakanaka inotungamirwa nekuita kwepundutso mukudzidzisa, kutsvagisa uye tsika.
• Chitsauko chechitatu chinobvarura mhedzisiro inokuvadza yeiyo "fungidziro" yekutora pane iyo honitas homalis. Sekuvhara (kwakakwana), chinyorwa naAbraham Flexner chinoburitswa.

Hunhu mune XNUMXst century

Mukutanga kwe Kubatsira kwevasina basa, hunyanzvi hweItari hunhu hwakanyanya hwekuda hupfumi mune yazvino dzidzo. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, zvirongwa zvedzidzo uye bhajeti remakurukota zvakarongwa nekusaremekedza kuri pachena kwevanhu. Nekuti inzvimbo dzerusununguko uye dzakapatsanurwa, dzakaparadzaniswa ne "zvimwe zvinoshanda" uye zvinobatsira.

Mukupesana, ruzivo rwevanhu runopfuura kungokura mweya. Nekuda kwehunhu hwavo hwekuzvipira, izvi zvakakosha mukushanduka kwebudiriro uye kusimudzira kwetsika dzevanhu. Pamusoro pezvo, Ordine anodzivirira kuti hunhu hwedzidzo inosanganisa haugone kurerekera nekusiya ruzivo rwakanangana nezvinangwa zvisiri-zvekushandisa uye / kana zvekutengesa.

Tsitsi uye njere

Ordine haidi kuratidza hunhu pamusoro pehumwe ruzivo. Asi, inotsanangura kukosha kwesainzi, zvidzidzo zvehunyanzvi, uye kukwikwidza. Nekudaro, anoomerera kuti kunyangwe zviitwa zvinoshanda zvine imwezve kukosha, zvakasiyana kwazvo neiyo mercantilist. Naizvozvo, nzvimbo dzese dzekuumbwa kwevanhu dzinogona kutungamirwa panguva imwechete kune kufunga kwakasimba uye kunzwira tsitsi; havasi ivo vega.

Izvo zvinobatsira zvisina basa zvemabhuku

Sekureva kwaWilson Enrique Genao mu University Pedagogy Notebook (2015), munyori anotora iwo maitiro akasiyana e "vafundisi vakaita saVincenzo Padula" kudzivirira chirevo chako. Anowedzera "vadetembi nevanyori vakaita saOvid, Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio, Cervantes, Shakespeare, Dickens, García Lorca, Márquez. Uye vazivi vakaita saSocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Michel Montaigne, Martin Heidegger naPaul Ricoeur… ”.

Nenzira iyi, inosimbisa kukosha kwekuverenga makuru masters emabhuku usinga tarise pakuwana chero bhenefiti kana rairo chaiyo Ordine anoti chinangwa chikuru cheichi kuverenga kwechifilosofi kutamba. Nekudaro, mupiro maererano nekuziva kwevanhu uye kufunga kwakadzama hakurambike, izvo zvinowanzomiririra zvakanyanya kuomarara kutsanangura.

Gratuity vs. kushandiswa

Takatarisana ne archetype yeususitarianism uye dzidziso yehunyanzvi yeanticantilist, Ordine inopa kukosha kwekunyengera, zvinangwa uye neuto. Gratuity inopesana nepfungwa yaHeiddiengger yemunhu, uyo, akaremerwa nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, anotungamira hupenyu husina ruvara. Ndokureva - pasina kurwisa zvakananga capitalism - munyori anonongedzera kuchirongwa chedzidzo chinogadzira michina isina mweya.

Munhu asina nguva yekufungisisa "zvinhu zvisina basa" musungwa wezvaanoda zvakakosha, munhu asina hupenyu hunofadza. Nyanzvi yedhaimani anopedzisa chitsauko chekutanga nekunongedzera chinzvimbo chehunhu mukuumbwa kwevanhu vane mutoro, vane maitiro uye vanozvipira munharaunda.

Yunivhesiti-kambani uye mudzidzi-vatengi

Chitsauko chechipiri chakanangana nechipokana icho chichiri kumutsa hunhu hwezana ramakore regumi nemapfumbamwe "art yehunyanzvi" munharaunda yanhasi. Nekudaro, zvave zvakaoma kwazvo kukunda maitiro eanoratidzika kunge asingamiswe shanduko yemayunivhesiti kuita makambani. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, vadzidzi vasingazeze vanotora chinzvimbo chevatengi chakakurudzirwa, pamusoro pezvose, neramangwana rine hupfumi.

Nekudaro, "kana mutengi achigara akarurama", hunhu hwedzidziso hunopa kusaruro yekuwana dhigirii munguva ipfupi inogoneka. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anodhonhedza fakitori, ikashandurwa kuita vashandi vevashandi vezvigadzirwa zveyunivhesiti-kambani. Nekudaro, Ordine anozviona zvichikosha kugadzirisa patsva yunivhesiti hurongwa hwakanangana kungoitirwa kugadzirwa kwe "vashandi vanobatsira."

Uye hunyanzvi?

Laura Luque Rodrigo anobva kuYunivhesiti yeJaén, anoputsa zvinoreva chirevo cheBaudelaire chakataurwa naOrdine: "murume anobatsira anotyisa". Mutsamba yake (2014) ye Zvakaipa GeniusLuque anobvunza kuti: “Izvi zvinoreva here kuti tinofanira kutiza zvekushandisa? Unyanzvi nedudziro hunofanira kunge husina basa kuti unake? ”.

Luque anoti "… munhoroondo yese, (hunyanzvi) hwakave nemabasa akasiyana siyana, ingave yekatekisheni, inokudza, yezvematongerwo enyika, yehunyanzvi chete, nezvimwe. Pakupedzisira, zvino, zvisikwa zvose zvine basa, kunyange zvazvo chigumisiro, chinhu chekupedzisira, hachina chido kune chikamu chemusiki sezvakaitika kuna Aureliano Buendía, ane ruzivo rwekupedzisira rwaive ruzivo, naizvozvo, kana tichichida, tichazviita. nguva dzose kuwana kushanda kuzvisikwa zvose.”

Art uye tsika panguva yedambudziko

Nuccio Ordine anoshandisa zvirevo kubva kuna Henry Newman naVictor Hugo kudzora kudzikiswa kwebhajeti kuzvidzidzo zvevanhu muzvirongwa zvedzidzo. Izvo zvinotomiririra kupeta zvakapetwa zvikwata zvakagadzirirwa zvetsika uye zvehunyanzvi zvirongwa mumamiriro akashata. Saizvozvo, munyori haafungi nezve chero dzidziso yekuratidzira kana ichinge yakarongwa isina makuru echinyakare.

Anowana anouraya: Dignitas hominis, Rudo, Chokwadi

Muchikamu chechitatu che Kubatsira kwevasina basa, Ordine anofungidzira pane zvisiri izvo zvinotarisirwa zvinobva mupfuma nesimba. Inomiririra chinzvimbo chinozvidza chemuzivi weItari pamberi pechimiro chepamusoro chevaya vanokoshesa vamwe zvichibva pazvipfeko. Saizvozvowo, muzivi weItari anoongorora dingindira rerudo nehukama hwehukama hunodzorwa nechinhu chisingakundikani chezvinhu.

Mukati mechikamu che honitas hominis, rudo uye chokwadi inzvimbo inoratidzira kuratidza kusavimbika kwechokwadi. Naizvozvo, mupimo weOrdine hazvibviri kukoshesa iyo honitas hominis pasi pezvakajairwa paramende yenzanga yanhasi. Inoratidzira kupokana kukuru kwazvo kuyedza kuratidza kusununguka pakati pe "budiriro" isingakwanise kutyora muforoma wezvinhu kubva pachidzidzo chayo.

Mhedziso uye rondedzero yaAbrahama Flexner sechiwedzera

Pamwe chete, Nuccio Ordine's manifesto pamwe nerondedzero yaFlexner inokoka muverengi kuratidzira zvachose senzira yekuziva chiremera chavo. Mamiriro ezvinhu anokwanisika chete kuburikidza nedzidzo yakanangana nekudzidziswa kwakazara, pasina rusaruro kana kutemerwa bhajeti zvinokonzerwa ne (chikonzero che) nguva dzematambudziko. Naizvozvo, zvinodikanwa kuti uongororezve mune izvi kuti uwane mhinduro yakakwana kuzera redu redhijitari.

Chekupedzisira, Flexner anokurudzira kuvharidzira chishuwo chechisikigo chevanhu nechinangwa chekusimudzira "kutsvaga kwemahara kweruzivo rusina basa". Nekuti zvakakosha? Zvakanaka, munguva yakapfuura vanhu vakatoratidza zvakakosha mhedzisiro yekusununguka kwekusika kwemunhu. Kana chinhu chinonzi "chisingabatsiri" chisina kukuvadza, ndeipi pfungwa yekuchibata sechinhu chinokuvadza kana chine njodzi?