Uzivi hunotsvaka kupa mhinduro kumatambudziko evanhu. Mumazana ose emakore vafungi vakawanda vakaedza kupa revo yomunhu oga neyenzanga kumativi ose avanhu. Philosophy inosimudza nyaya dzehupenyu dzinobata zvakanyanya mazuva ese uye nyore. Kunyanya patinofunga kuti uzivi hahuna maturo kana kushorwa nenzanga yanhasi, ndipo patinonyanya kuda kutendeukira kumhando dzekare uye nemhepo itsva dzinouya kuzotibatsira.
Uzivi hahuna kubva mufashoni kana kuti dzinongori pfungwa dzevashoma vevapengo vakaora mwoyo, zvakapesana, pfungwa dzakatonga hupenyu hwedu hwese; Kugona kufunga uye kuita komputa nyika yedu ndiko kunoita kuti tive vanhu, chaizvo. Saka, Kutiza kusaziva nemhirizhonga, tinokurudzira kuverenga mamwe emabhuku akabatsira munhu zvakanyanya panyaya iyi..
La República
La República inhaurirano umo manzwi akasiyana anooneka uye apo nhaurirano yacho inenge isina kugadzikana pamisoro nenhau dzakasiyana. Iri ibasa revakuru raPlato, mumwe wevazivi vekutanga, uye mumwe wevakuru kwazvo munyika dzekuMadokero. Mariri anosimbisa kudiwa kwechokwadi uye inozivisa uzivi neinobatika, zvinhu, inomisa chirango sesainzi, uye kubva pakuonekwa. Saizvozvowo, anotaura nezvemufaro uye kuti wakabatanidzwa sei netsika uye kuzvidzora.
Nicoachean Ethics
Aristotle mumwe wevazivi vekuMadokero vane mukurumbira munhoroondo. Ndiye munyori we Nicoachean Ethics, rimwe remabhuku anotsinhira uye akadzidzwa zvikuru pamusoro petsika. Maari kunotanga kubva pahwaro hwekunaka kuwana hupenyu hunofadza; uye kuti iri pakati penzvimbo umo kunaka kunowanikwa. Ndicho chikonzero nei achitevedzera hupenyu hune mwero husina kuwandisa. Iri basa iboka rezano rakanangana nemwanakomana wake, Nicomaco, kunyangwe nzanga yakatsigirwa naro sezvo iri chirevo chemaitiro evanhu.
Tao te ching
Iri basa raLao-Tzu rinomiririra kufunga kweAsia. Icho chikamu chakakosha cheTaoism, dzidziso yechitendero neyeuzivi yakatangwa naLao-Tzu pachake muzana remakore rechitanhatu BC. C. Musoro webhuku racho une mazwi okuti “nzira”, “kunaka” uye “bhuku”, kunyange zvazvo richizivikanwa neshanduro iyi yemataurirwo ayo echiChinese: Tao te ching. Ibhuku rinokosheswa zvikuru mutsika dzokuMadokero, sezvo riri rondedzero iyoyo inogona kunzwisiswa kupfuura tsika uye nguva pamusoro peunyanzvi hwekurarama, kudzidza kurarama, kuziva mararamiro. Inoumbwa nedzidziso dzakapfava dzinogona kuverengwa sokunge nhetembo.
Pakupfupika kwehupenyu
Munguva iyi yenhaurirano yezvitsauko makumi maviri, Seneca inotaura neshamwari yake Paulino nezve, eso, kupfupika kwoupenyu. kuti upenyu hupfupi uye Seneca inotikoka kuti tizviise isu pachedu iyezvino, izvo zvatinazvo chaizvo, uye zvinotikurudzira kurarama hupenyu maererano nazvo; Nenzira iyi chete munhu achakwanisa kurarama zvizere. Unofanira kurega kutarisira ramangwana kana kutya. Kana munhu akarasika mune ramangwana rake, iyezvino yake inorasika; zvisinei, inodzivirirawo pfungwa yeramangwana, nekuti munhu anoda kuve nechiratidzo uye nzira. Saizvozvovo, zvakapfuura zvinofanirwawo kudzorwa kuti zvisabatike mukushuwira.
Hurukuro yenzira
Iri basa raRené Descartes kubva muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX ndiro prolegomenon yehuzivi hwemazuva ano uye rationalism ("Ndinofunga, saka ndiri"). Kwakavakirwa pakutsvaga kwechokwadi chepasi rose chinobatsira kumisa chikonzero pamusoro pefungidziro chero ipi zvayo kana fungidziro.. Saizvozvovo, inobvumira kupokana nekuti iko kutaura kwekufunga; uye munhu anokwanisa kuwana chokwadi kuburikidza nekufungisisa. Mhedziso yehuzivi hwaDescartes ndicho chikonzero, semhedzisiro yekufunga, kuratidzwa kwekuvapo kwevanhu.
Chibvumirano chemagariro
Iri basa rine mifananidzo naJean-Jacques Rousseau ibasa rehuzivi hwezvematongerwo enyika rinotaura nezve kuenzana kwevarume. Munharaunda yakaenzana yemagariro evanhu, vanhu vose vane kodzero dzakafanana, izvo, zvakare, zvinodzorwa kuburikidza nechibvumirano chevanhu. Chibvumirano chemagariro Rousseau's kudzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu, democracy uye hutongi hwakarurama. Iyi pfungwa ndiyo yakakurudzira Revolution yeFrance.
Kutsoropodza kwechikonzero chakanaka
Iri pasina panikiro nderimwe reakakosha uye ane pesvedzero ehuzivi mabasa eNguva Yemazuvano. Yakanyorwa naImmanuel Kant uye yakaburitswa muna 1781. Anotsanangura kutsoropodza kwakasimba kwechinyakare metaphysics uye anovhura nzira yekunzwisisa kutsva uye chikonzero. izvo zvinogona kutsanangurwa nevamwe vanofunga. Iri basa rakasiyana uye rinokosha nokuti rinogumisa mafungiro ekare uye rinobereka nzira itsva yekunzwisisa nyika; Iro rinokosha sebasa rinoratidzwa uye razvino. Anotaura, semuenzaniso, nezvekutongwa kwepriori (anotora masvomhu semuenzaniso), uye nezvekutongwa kwemashure, ayo anoratidzwa kuburikidza neruzivo.
Zvinyorwa zvehupfumi nehuzivi
Zvakanyorwa muna 1844, magwaro aya kubva pauduku hwaKarl Marx anoumba kusvika pamwero mukuru mitsetse yemafungiro eupfumi nouzivi hweMarxist. Nekudaro, zvakaburitswa makumi emakore mushure mekufa kwemunyori wavo uye zvine chekuita nebasa rake rose ivo vakabviswa zvishoma kubva kune akanyanya kukura Marx. Zvakadaro, aya manyoro anosimbisa kuparadzaniswa kwakatamburwa nomunhu mugadziriro ye<em>capitalist iyo ichiri kurarama uye inodzora Madokero nhasi..
Yakadaro Zarathustra
Yakanyorwa naFriedrich Nietzsche muzana remakore rechiXNUMX Yakadaro Zarathustra Iri zvose ibhuku reuzivi uye remabhuku. Pakati pepfungwa dzake panobuda Superman ( Übermensch ), rufu rwaMwari, kuda kuva nesimba kana kudzoka kusingagumi kweupenyu.. Mune iri basa rekufunga kwakakosha, maitiro akanaka ehupenyu anotsanangurwa, asiwo kugamuchirwa kwenhamo dzayo, kushaya simba kwevanhu, kana kushoropodzwa pachena kwaSocrates.
