Chokutanga pane zvose, tinofanira kujeka pamusoro pezvinganzi ndezvekare. Tsanangudzo yekuti zvinokwanisika kutungamira kune mamwe maratidziro ehunyanzvi, senge cinema kana pendi, semuenzaniso. Hunhu hukuru hwebasa rinoonekwa sechinyakare kusagara kwaro. Ndiko kuti, ine kugona kuzvigadzira patsva kuitira kuti ive nerevo yakakosha kuchizvarwa chimwe nechimwe. Chirevo chinogona kuchinja, basa rinoita nekufamba kwenguva kana risingagumi, asi harizomborasikirwi nechinhu chayo. Mune mamwe mazwi, classic ndeye kana isingambobuda kunze kwemaitiro..
Kune rumwe rutivi, unhu hweunyanzvi hwebasa hunofanira kunge husina mubvunzo, pamwe chete nekugamuchirwa kwevanhu. Ichi chikamu chechipiri, zvisinei, pfungwa yemazuva ano uye yakakurumbira. Y nguva chete ndiyo inogona kuona kuti ndeapi mabasa anokwanisa kuve makirasi. Kunyangwe paine akawanda magwaro anoonekwa echinyakare, mune ino chinyorwa Isu tinosarudza mabhuku gumi nerimwe ari echinyakare, echiSpanish nemitauro yekunze, uye atinokurudzira.
The Celestina (1499)
YaFernando de Rojas, kunyange zvakadaro kune maonero akasiyana-siyana pamusoro pekunyora kwayo, inofungidzirwawo kuti inogona kusazivikanwa. Nekuda kwechinyorwa ichi, izwi rekuti "matchmaker" rakagadzirwa, iro iro RAE rinotsanangura se "kutenga" kana "mukadzi anoronga hukama hwerudo." Iro basa idambudziko mundima umo rudo rwaCalisto naMelibea, vatambi vayo vakuru, vanorondedzerwa.
Lazarillo de Tormes (1554)
El lazarillo de tormes ibhuku risingazivikanwe; Hazvizivikanwe kuti ndiani akanyora iyi picaresque novel, chimwe chezvinyorwa zvekutanga zvinorondedzerwa muprose. Iyo picaresque ndeye subgenre yakaberekerwa kuSpain uye inoratidza nyika yevakashata kana vanhu vane hutsinye vakadzoka kubva kune zvese. chaizvo nokuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu avanogara uye mamiriro ezvinhu okupona avanotarisana nawo. Iri bhuku muenzaniso wakajeka wehupenyu muSpain muzana remakore rechiXNUMX repasi remagariro evanhu mukati mevanhuwo zvavo.
Hamlets (1601)
Simba re Hamlet Yakadzokororwa muhuwandu hwenyaya mumabasa akasiyana-siyana mumabhuku uye mumabhaisikopo. Basa raShakespeare inhamo umo kutsiva kunoonekwa sedingindira guru. Yakafemerwa nengano yeScandinavia, kunyangwe zvakawanda zvichitaurwa nezvayo. Nyaya yacho: Muchinda Hamlet anofanira kutsiva kuponda kwakaipa kwababa vake mumaoko asekuru vake, Claudius, apo achiponesa amai vake vakanga vasina nhamo, vachimanikidzwa kumuroora.
Don Quixote (1605)
Uye zvechokwadi basa raMiguel de Cervantes harigone kushaikwa, nekuti Don Quixote Iro ibasa repasi rose par kugona, uye ese ekutanga uye echipiri zvikamu zvinoonekwa semanovhero ekutanga emazuva ano. Iri ibhuku rechivalry, kunyangwe risingaenderane naro, kubvira Cervantes akanyora satire yemabhuku aya akange aparadza mazana emakore apfuura; kureva kuti, Don Quixote iri parody.
¿Sei zvakakosha? Mukuwedzera pakusava nenguva, aiziva kutora nguva yake uye ndiro basa rinokosha rekunyora nguva dzose rakanyorwa muchiSpanish.. Chechipiri, rave riri bhuku rinodhindwa kupfuura mamwe ose mushure meBhaibheri uye, kufanana neBhaibheri, rakashandurirwa mumitauro yose inonyorwa. Essential.
Kuzvikudza uye Kufungira zvisizvo (1813)
Iri rimwe remanovhero aJane Austen ane mukurumbira uye zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ndiye piyona wekuseka kwerudo. iyo yakakwanisa kufadza mamiriyoni evaverengi mumazana emakore apfuura. Iwo maviri protagonists, murudo, achafanira kupinda mune mamwe matambudziko uye kukura kuti ave pamwe chete; Kudada uye rusaruro ndezvimwe zvezvipingamupinyi izvi izvo Darcy naElizabeth vanofanira kukunda. Shanduro dzakawanda dzebasa iri dzakaitwa kupfuura mapeji uye ichiri bhenji mumhando nhasi.
Frankenstein (1816)
Reference kune iyo gothic novel, Frankenstein Iri rimwe basa rinokosha. Mary Shelley akazvinyora pakuzorora neshamwari kusanganisira murume wake, munyori Percival Bisshe Shelley, achivasiya vese vachishamiswa nemugumisiro. Pane mimwe mibvunzo mikuru mubhuku rino: inobvunza ukama uhwo munhu anahwo naMwari uye mano okutanga okusika upenyu nenzira yakafanana neyechipiri. Iri ingano rinoshamisa rine pfumo iro rakasuwa reGothic.
Madame Bovary (1856)
Madame Bovary naGustave Flauvert ibhuku rinotangira nguva yaro umo mamiriro emukadzi akazara nekusarura, kufunga kwake, nzira yerudo uye kuzviremekedza inoratidzwa. Chokwadi cheFrench chinotangira pazviri, kunyangwe paine zvakare maratidziro erudo uye kupenya kweramangwana rekunyora rezvakasikwa. Madame Bovary ibhuku rakasiyana nemamwe rinopfuura uye mariri Flauvert inovandudza hukadzi hwakanyanya hune huchenjeri hwakakura, kure kure nemafungiro ekare.
Zvinotarisirwa zvikuru (1860)
Rimwe remabasa makuru emutauri wechirungu mukuru, Charles Dickens. Saizvozvo, yakagadziridzwa mukati memakore ese aya kune akawanda mavhezheni uye mafomati. Iine madingindira ebasa raDickens, akadai sehudiki nehunherera, urombo, mutsa une tariro uye tariro.tariro nguva dzose. Philip Pirrip ndiye protagonist nherera anotanga semupfuri wesimbi, kunyange zvazvo chaanonyanya kuda ndechekuenda munharaunda uye kusiya kutambura kwake shure.
Mhosva uye Kurangwa (1866)
Basa rakakurumbira raDostoevsky. Inotenderera pakuva nemhaka, pamwe chete nokushuva kururama uye kunoruramisa.. Raskolnikov pakupedzisira achawana rudzikinuro rwaishuviwa, kunyange zvazvo asina kuzvidemba, kubvira pakutanga aizofanira kuuraya mukadzi akwegura, mukwereti, uyo rufu rwake ruchamutambudza nguva dzose kusvikira akwanisa kuwana ruregerero, uye pamwe chete nayo, rugare.
Hondo uye Runyararo (1869)
Basa guru raLeo Tolstoy, mumwe wevakawanda vakawana muhupenyu hwake hwekunyora. Yakanga ine huremu hukuru uye simba mumabhuku epasi rose, chimwe chezvinyorwa zvakakura zvenguva dzese, basa rakakura uye rakanyanya rechokwadi reRussia. Inorondedzera zviitiko zvenhoroondo uye epic zveasingasviki mashanu emhuri dzeRussia dzepamusoro panguva yekupinda kweNapoleonic.
Fortunata naJacinta (1887)
Chero ani zvake anoda kuverenga imwe yemabhuku makuru echiSpanish munhoroondo yezvinyorwa anofanira kukwereta Fortunata naJacinta. Benito Pérez Galdos aive munyori mukuru muSpain, aigara aine mvumo yaCervantes. Fortunata naJacinta inyanzvi yechokwadi yechiSpanish, ine nyaya yevakadzi vaviri vakasiyana kwazvo, kunyangwe vaine mumwe munhu Zvakafanana. Nyaya iri muMadrid, Jacinta ndiye mudzimai uye Fortunata murongo. Jacinta ndewe bourgeoisie, uku Fortunata achigara muchivanze padyo nePlaza Mayor. Hunhu nehuipi hunogadziriswa nenzira isina kunaka uye inosuruvarisa, zvichipiwa kusakwanisa kuwana mhinduro kunyonganiso yakadaro.
