Tsibirin da ke ƙarƙashin teku ta Isabel Allende

An buga shi a cikin 2009, Tsibirin da ke ƙarƙashin teku labari ne by Marubuciya ‘yar asalin Ba’iliya-Ba’amurkiya Isabel Allende. Ya ba da labarin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin bawa Zarité - wanda ake kira Teté - a Haiti a cikin ƙarni na 1810. Littafin ya shafe shekaru arba'in daga ta'addancin sa da tsoron da ya cika yara har zuwa XNUMX, lokacin gyara na ƙarshe a New Orleans.

Ana ƙirƙirar wasiƙar ƙarfe tare da goyon bayan wasu bayi zuwa rawar rawan Afirka da voodoo. Ta haka ne mace ta ƙuduri aniyar barin wahalolin da suka gabata kuma ta sami ƙauna duk da wahala. A cewar K. Samaikya (2015) daga Jami'ar Acharya Nagarjuna (Indiya), “Tsibirin da ke ƙarƙashin teku yana daya daga cikin labarai masu birgewa a karni na sha bakwai. Kuma labari ne kawai game da tawayen bawa da ya yi nasara a duk duniya ”.

Game da Isabel Allende

Haihuwa da dangi

Isabel Allende Llona an haife shi a Lima, Peru, a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1942. Ita ce babba a cikin ’yan’uwa uku. na aure tsakanin Tomás Allende (ɗan uwan ​​Salvador Allende na farko, shugaban ƙasar Chile daga 1970 zuwa 1973) da Francisca Llona. Mahaifinsa yana aiki a matsayin sakataren ofishin jakadancin Chile a Lima a lokacin haihuwarsa. Bayan rabuwar ma'auratan a 1945, Llona ta koma Chile tare da 'ya'yanta uku.

Karatu

Mahaifiyarsa za ta sake yin aure Ramón Huidobro Rodríguez a 1953, wani jami'in diflomasiyya da aka sanya tun daga wannan shekarar zuwa Bolivia. Can, matashiyar Isabel tayi karatu a wata makarantar Amurka a La Paz. Daga baya, ya kammala karatunsa a wata makarantar Burtaniya mai zaman kanta a Lebanon. Bayan ta dawo Chile a 1959 ta auri Miguel Frías, wanda ta haifa masa yara biyu a lokacin da suka yi shekaru 25 da haɗin kai, Paula (1963-1992) da Nicolás (1967).

Da farko wallafe-wallafe

Tsakanin 1959-1965, Isabel Allende ya kasance wani ɓangare na Hukumar Abinci da Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO). Daga 1967 ya rubuta labarai don mujallar Paula. En 1974 ya yi bugu na farko a cikin mujallar yara Mamu, Labari Kaka Panchita. A waccan shekarar ma ya ƙaddamar Lauchas da lauchones, beraye da beraye (Labarin yara).

Gudun hijira a Venezuela

A cikin 1975, an tilasta Isabel Allende zuwa ƙaura tare da iyalinta a Venezuela saboda ƙarancin mulkin kama karya na Pinochet. A Caracas yayi aiki da jaridar El Nacional kuma a makarantar sakandare, har zuwa lokacin da aka buga littafinsa na farko Gidan Ruhohi (1982). Wannan shine farkon labarin tatsuniya wanda ya kawo mata cikas a matsayinta na marubuciya mafi yawan karatu tsakanin masu magana da Sifaniyan har zuwa yau.

Marubuci mafi kyawun ba tare da zargi mai kyau ba

Zuwa yau, Isabel Allende ya sayar da littattafai sama da miliyan 71, ana fassarawa zuwa harsuna 42. Duk da nasarorin kasuwancin da ta samu - musamman a Amurka -, Akwai masu yawa da ke raina salon adabinsa. Tsibirin da ke ƙarƙashin teku bai kasance banda. Game da, Madaba'oi Weekly (2009) ya soki labarin, saboda “… ya bayyana marubucin da ya yi nazarin tarin abubuwa ba tare da koyon gaskiya guda ɗaya ba”.

ma, Janis IsabelLittafin Mai riƙewa, 2020) ya yi watsi da matsayin "wanda ba a dafa shi ba" kuma "an sake rubuta shi" yawancin al'amuran jima'i na Tsibirin da ke ƙarƙashin teku. Hakanan ya yi zargin cewa Allende "ya yi watsi da matsakaici da jin kai da ke da muhimmanci ga irin wannan batun" (bautar). Duk da haka, Booklist wanda aka annabta a yayin ƙaddamar da shi: "Bukatar wannan almara mai ban sha'awa game da ƙarfin zuciyar maza da mata waɗanda ke fuskantar haɗarin komai don 'yanci zai kasance mai girma."

Takaita Tsibirin da ke karkashin teku

Farkon labarin yana Tsibirin Saint - Domingue Island (Hispaniola) a cikin 1770s. A can, an nuna ƙaramar ƙaramar Zarite (da aka sani da Tete). Ita 'yar bawan Afirka ne da ba ta taɓa saduwa da ita ba kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin fararen jirgin ruwa waɗanda suka kawo mahaifiyarsa sabuwar duniya. Ta cikin matsanancin ƙuruciya da ke cike da tsoro, ya sami sauƙi a tsakanin sautunan ganga da voodoo gurasa aikatawa ta wasu bayi.

Violette ta sayi Tete ne - mai ba da ladabi mulatto mai ladabi - a madadin Toulouse Valmorain, mai shekara XNUMX magajin Faransa ga shukar shuki. Maigidan ya zama mai dogaro da bawan, kodayake asalin dalilinsa shi ne ya saya mata don budurwarsa, Eugenia García del Solar. Bayan aure, lafiyar Eugenia ta fara lalacewa kuma tana fama da ɓarin ciki sau da yawa wanda ya kai ta ga hauka.

Zalunci da fata

Ugan shekaru kaɗan kafin ta mutu, Eugenia ta yi nasarar haihuwar ɗa mai rai, Maurice, wanda aka ɗora wa Zarite don renonsa. A wannan lokacin, Tete da ke cike da rudani ta rikide ta zama saurayi mai kwazo, wanda Valmorain ke so. Maigidan mai zagi ya ƙare da yi wa bawansa fyade ba tare da la'akari da kyakkyawar alaƙar uwa da ɗa ba ci gaba tare da ɗanta na fari. Tete ta yi ciki da ɗa wanda za a karɓe daga ita lokacin haihuwa.

Valmorain ya ba da jaririn ga Violette, wanda ya yi aure a wannan lokacin ga Kyaftin Étienne Relais. Tete ta sami nutsuwa da kauna a bawan da ya iso gonar, Gambo. Amma fyade na Toulouse ya ci gaba, don haka lokacin da Gambo ya tsere don shiga cikin bayin da ke tawaye, ba za ta iya bin sa ba saboda tana da ciki kuma. Kodayake, a wannan lokacin sun bar shi ya kasance tare da yarinyar, ana kiranta Rosette.

Juyin mulkin bayi da yakin basasa

Rosette ta sami karatun kuyanga kuma ta zama ba ta rabuwa da Maurice, koda kuwa Valmorain bai yarda ba. Bayan tawayen bayi da Toussaint Louverture ya jagoranta, Gambo ya gargadi ƙaunataccen Zarite cewa za a ƙone gonar Valmorain. Amma ta ƙi yin watsi da Maurice, maimakon haka ta gargaɗi mai mallakar ƙasar Faransa don musanya forancinta da na herarta.

Iyalan Valmorain gaba ɗaya sun koma Le Cap, gami da Zarite da Rosette. Da zarar an girka, Tete ya fara karɓar umarni daga Zacharie, mai shayar da kujerar gwamnati. Daga baya, an tilasta wa Valmorains gudun hijira bayan ɓarkewar yaƙi hakan zai ƙare tare da kafa Jamhuriyar Bakar fata ta Haiti.

New Orleans

A Louisiana, Valmorain ya kafa sabon shuka kuma ya auri Hortense Guizot, mace mai ƙyamar mace da haɗama. Sabuwar ma'aikaciyar ba ta daɗe ta shiga rikici da Maurice, Zarite da Rosette, saboda haka, ba ta jinkirin wulakanta barorinta baƙaƙe. Babbar matsalar ita ce har yanzu ana daukar Tete da diyarta bayi.

Valmorain har yanzu bai cika maganarsa ba duk da sanya hannu kan 'yancin barorinsa baƙar fata. Maurice yana adawa da yanayin kaskantarwa kuma an tura shi karatu a wata makarantar kwana a Boston, inda ya shiga aikin kawar da kai. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Zarite ya sami damar sanya freedomancin da aka daɗe ana jira ita da ɗiyarta tasiri tare da taimakon firist.

Haɗuwar farin cikin Zarite

Tete ta sake haɗuwa a New Orleans tare da Violette da Jean Relais, ɗayan shine ainihin ɗanta na fari wanda Valmorain ya rabu da shi. Hakanan, ta fara aiki a matsayin mace mai 'yanci a cikin shagon Violette (tayi aure a wancan lokacin zuwa Sancho García del Solar). Farin cikin Zarite yana ƙaruwa sosai idan aka same shi tare da Zacharie. Dukansu suna soyayya kuma sakamakon wannan sha'awar suna haifar da yarinya.

Dawowar Maurice

Da zaran Maurice ya koma New Orleans, sai ya gaya wa mahaifinsa (rashin lafiya) niyyarsa ta auren Rosette. Valmorain ya fusata kuma a banza yana adawa da auren tsakanin -an uwan ​​rabin, kamar yadda Zarite da Zacharie suka ƙulla don samar da bikin. Ba da daɗewa ba Rosette ta yi ciki, amma, an daure ta "saboda marin wata farar mace" (Hortense Guizot) a gaban jama'a.

Lafiyar Rosette tana ta tabarbarewa cikin sauri a cikin kurkuku. Daga ƙarshe an sake ta saboda godiyar da ke tsakanin Valmorain mutuwa kuma yana ɗokin yin sulhu da ɗansa. A ƙarshe, Rosette ta mutu tana haihuwar jariri mai suna Justin. Maurice, cikin ɓacin rai, ya yanke shawarar yawon duniya. Kafin barinsa, ya ba da amanar ɗawainiyar ɗansa ga Zarite da Zacharie, waɗanda ke duban gaba tare da bege da sabuwar iyali.

Tsibirin da ke ƙarƙashin teku

Binciken na Binciken Littafin New York Times punctuates wani sosai nishadi labari, "An sanya shi a cikin tsarin tsarin asalin jamhuriya ta farko a duniya." Waɗannan bita-bita kuma suna magana ne game da "ingantaccen sihiri da gaske", dalla-dalla ga tsattsauran ra'ayi, jaraba ga mai karatu. A wannan dalili, Isabel Allende ya yi amfani da mai ba da labarin kusan koyaushe a cikin mutum na uku, tare da wasu ɓangarorin mutum na farko na babban halayen.

Sakamakon haka, kwatancen da ba a sani ba game da cin amanar bautar da ɗan adam ya gabatar daga mai gabatar da kanta na iya damun masu karatu. Koyaya, wasu wurare suna tsawaita ida gaske rubutu ne saboda basu tsallake sakamakon makircin ba kuma ba sa ba da gudummawa ga zurfin haruffa.

Shin Tsibirin da ke ƙarƙashin teku wani labari na tarihi?

Amsar wannan tambayar ta sami jumla masu kyau da masu ƙyama a cikin irin wannan gwargwadon, wani yanayi na galibin ayyukan Isabel Allende. Binciken na Labaran Laburare (2009) yayi magana game da "… labari mai cike da abubuwan birgewa, haruffa masu ma'ana da cikakkun bayanai da kwatancin rayuwa a yankin Caribbean a lokacin". A gefe guda, tashar Taƙaita shi (2020) yayi bayani:

“Idan ainihin labarin Allende bai cika ba, kuma ba shi da ma'ana, za a ɗora labarinsa na almara ba kawai tare da cikakken lokacin wuce gona da iri ba, har ma da zahiri da kuma dacewar siyasa, karya dokar kadaran marubuta da ya kamata mutum ya nuna maimakon ya fada ”. A kowane hali, matsakaiciyar magana ta kammala: "Tsibirin da ke ƙarƙashin teku yana da ladabi, mai motsi kuma yana cike da ma'anar hasara ta gaskiya ”.