Susan Sontag

A cikin al'adun {asar Amirka na wannan zamani, akwai }ananan mutane da ke da irin wannan nasarar aiki a fannoni daban-daban na samar da fasaha da adabi kamar Susan Sontag. A cikin rayuwarta, ƙwararriyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Yahudawa na New York marubuci ce, masanin falsafa, mai gwagwarmayar yaƙi, daraktan fim, mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin allo, kuma malami.

I mana, Fuskar adabin Sontag ita ce aka fi saninsa saboda litattafan litattafansa, gajerun labarai, rubuce-rubucen da ba na almara ba da, musamman, don maƙasudinsa masu mahimmanci.. Ba a banza ba, an bambanta aikinsa tare da lambar yabo ta Urushalima don wallafe-wallafe (2001), Yariman Asturias don Wasika (raba, 2003) da lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya na Kasuwancin Littattafai na Jamus (2003).

Tarihin Rayuwa

An haifi Susan Sontag a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 1933 a New York, New York, NY, Amurka. Ta girma a cikin dangin Bayahude Ba'amurke karkashin Jack Rosenblatt, wani mai fataucin gashi wanda ya mutu (da tarin fuka) a China a 1938. Saboda haka, ita da 'yar uwarta Judith sun canza suna na ƙarshe lokacin da mahaifiyarsu, Mildred Jacobsen, ta auri Kyaftin Natan Sontag na Sojan Sama. a 1945.

Karatu da ayyukan farko

Saboda ƙananan ciwon asma na Susan, an tilasta wa iyalin ƙaura daga New York zuwa wasu biranen da ke da yanayi mai zafi. Iyalin Sontag sun fara ƙaura zuwa Tucson, Arizona kafin su zauna a Los Angeles. A can, Ya sauke karatu daga North Hollywood High School a 1948. Daga nan ya fara karatunsa na gaba a Jami'ar California da ke Berkeley.

A 1949, Sontag ya koma Jami'ar Chicago, yana kammala karatunsa tare da wani Digiri na digiri Falsafa (1951). Daga baya, Sontag ya sami digiri na biyu na biyu daga Jami'ar Harvard, Adabin Turanci (1954) da Falsafa (1955). Haka nan, ’yan boko na Amirka sun koyar da Falsafa a gidaje daban-daban na manyan makarantu - ban da waɗanda aka ambata ba - kamar Jami'ar Paris da Jami'ar Oxford.

Aure da dangantaka ta sirri

A lokacin zamansa a Illinois, Sontag mai shekaru 17 ya auri masanin zamantakewa kuma mai sukar al'adu Phillip Rieff, bayan an sha kwana goma kacal. Kungiyar ta dau shekaru takwas kuma ta haifi da, David Rieff, wanda a halin yanzu fitaccen manazarcin siyasa ne, dan jarida kuma mai sukar al'adu. Abokin zamansa na gaba - tsakanin 1957 da 1958 - shine marubucin marubuci kuma samfurin masu fasaha Harriet Sohmers.

Hakanan, Sontag abokin tarayya ne na marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke María Irene Fornés. Wannan dangantakar za ta zama mabuɗin don farawa na yau da kullun a cikin rubuce-rubucen duka; a yanayin Susan, ya zo daidai da buga Mai Amfana (1963). Daga baya, marubucin Ba'amurke ya ci gaba da zawarcinsa tsakanin ƙarshen 70s da farkon 80s tare da mawaƙin Rasha Joseph Brodsky.

Shekarun da suka gabata

A 1976, An gano Sontag da ciwon nono. da wuya kwarewa na maganin ku ya bayyana a fili m a cikin gwaji Rashin lafiya da misalansu (cikakken bayani daga baya in AIDS da misalansa). A wannan lokacin, masu ilimin New York sun riga sun ba da umarnin fina-finai da yawa kuma an ba su suna memba na Kwalejin Wasika ta Amurka.

A 1988, Sontag ya sadu da mai daukar hoto Annie Leibovitz, wanda ya yi mu'amala da shi har mutuwar Susan. Daga ƙarshe, cutar sankarar jini ta myelodysplastic da ta yi fama da ita ya haifar da cutar sankarar bargo kuma ya yi sanadiyar mutuwarta a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2004. Duk da rashin lafiyarta da matsin lamba na kafofin watsa labarai, ba ta daina yaƙi da yaƙi ba a cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe.

Nazarin littattafan Susan Sontag

Batutuwan da aka bincika

a 1964, marubucin Amurka ya buga "Notes on Camp", makala tare da mayar da hankali na musamman ga al'ummar gay a Turai da Amurka. Wannan aikin ya sami karɓuwa sosai daga ƙwararrun masu suka kuma yana nuna yawancin fasalulluka na salon Sontag. Ma'ana, babbar hanyar falsafa ta fannoni daban-daban na batun da aka bi da tare da tasirin al'adun zamani.

Har ila yau hazikan Amurka Ya rubuta game da wasan kwaikwayo, cinema da adadi kamar marubuci Nathalie Sarraute, darekta Robert Bresson da mai zane Francis Bacon. Baya ga suka da almara, ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce kuma ya gyara zaɓin rubutun na Roland Barthes da Antonin Artaud. An tattara wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucensa na ƙarshe da jawabai a ciki A lokaci guda: Kasidu da jawabai (2007).

rigima rubutu

Ayyukan Sontag sun cika da sabani. A wannan ma'ana, masu zaginsa sun yi nuni da kalaman siyasarsa na goyon bayan gwamnatocin gurguzu a shekarun 60 da 70. Idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin yakin cacar baka na lokacin - ko da yake daga baya ya canza matsayinsa - irin wannan tausayi ga "makiya Amurka" ya haifar da tashin hankali a kafafen yada labarai.

Koyaya, marubucin New York ya kasance mai karewa daga ƙiyayya. A haƙiƙa, ta ci gaba da buga litattafai marasa ƙima waɗanda mafi yawan sassan siyasa da al'ummar Amirka masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka tattauna su. Daga cikin waɗannan wallafe-wallafen, yi fice Inda Damuwa ke Faduwa (2001) y Game da Zafin Wasu (2003).

Godiya da sadaukarwar yaki

Yawancin tashoshin adabin Anglo-Saxon sun kiyasta hakan Alice in Bed (1993) shine mafi kyawun ban mamaki a cikin aikin Sontag. Duk da haka, jagorancin wasan kwaikwayo da ya fi tunawa shi ne Jiran Godot, da Samuel Beckett, An gabatar da shi a Sarajevo a lokacin yakin Balkan. A saboda wannan dalili, an yi ta zama ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na Sarajevo.

A gefe guda, Sontag ya karɓi a Kyautar Littafin Kasa (National Book Award) na littafinsa In America (2000). Sai dai wannan lambar yabo ba ta hana shi samun kakkausar suka ba saboda adawa da mamayar sojojin Amurka a yankin gabas ta tsakiya. Don haka, ta kasance makasudin yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan kamfanonin da suka ɗauki nauyin ko buga rubuce-rubucenta.

An cire daga hirar Sotang da Rolling Stone

An gudanar da wannan hira a cikin 1978. An tattauna kadan daga cikin komai, amma musamman an ba da fifiko kan kwarewarsa ta kwanan nan game da cutar kansa.. Daga cikin ra'ayoyin da aka gabatar, wannan tunani na Sotang ya fito fili:

«Abin da nake so shine in kasance cikakke a rayuwata, in kasance a inda nake, in kasance tare da kaina a rayuwata, in ba da cikakkiyar kulawa ga duniya. Kuma ni ne hada da a duniya Ni ba duniya ba ce, duniya ba ta kama da ni ba, amma ina cikinsa kuma ina kula da shi. Abin da marubuta ke yi ke nan: kula da duniya. Domin na yi adawa da ra'ayin da bai dace ba cewa ka sami komai a cikin ka. Ba haka ba, akwai duniyar gaske, ko kana cikinta ko ba ka cikinta”.

Rubutun aikin Susan Sontag (a cikin Mutanen Espanya)

Novelas

• Mai kyautatawa (1963);
• lamarin mutuwa (1967);
• Masoyan Volcano (1992);
• A Amurka (1999);

Labari

• ni da sauransu (1977).

Muqala da sauran rubuce-rubucen da ba na almara ba

• Akan tafsiri da sauran kasidu (1966);
• Salon tsattsauran ra'ayi (1969);
• Game da daukar hoto (1977);
• Rashin lafiya da misalansu (1978);
• Karkashin alamar Saturn (1980);
• AIDS da misalansa (1988);
• Game da zafin wasu (2003).

wallafe-wallafen bayan mutuwa

• A lokaci guda. Kasidu da taro (2007);
• al'amari na girmamawa (2007). Gwaji;
• farkon diaries (2011)
• Sanarwa. labaran da aka tattara (2018). Haɗa labarai;
• Lamiri ya hade da jiki. balagagge diaries (2014).