Leopoldo Alas, Clarin

Leopoldo Alas, wanda aka fi sani da laƙabi da shi, Clarín, marubuci ne ɗan asalin Sifen tare da babban aiki da wadatar albarkatu. Yawancin masana ilimin kimiyya sun dace da sanya abubuwan kirkirar wallafe-wallafensu a tsayi na mai girma Benito Pérez Galdós. A zahiri, Hakimin (1885), ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan fitattun littattafan haruffa Mutanen Espanya na ƙarni na XNUMX.

Bugu da kari, Clarín shahararren dan jarida ne, masanin shari'a, kuma mai sukar lamura game da siyasa, addini, da ka'idar adabi. Daga cikin rubuce-rubucensa da rubutunsa, ya nuna sadaukarwarsa ga al'amuran zamantakewar siyasa a lokacinsa da tasirin kyakkyawan akida na Krausist akan tunaninsa na falsafa. Sabili da haka, don fahimtar ɗaukakar wannan masanin, hanyar da ta dace ya zama dole.

Tarihin Rayuwa

Haihuwa da yarinta

An haifi Leopoldo Enrique García-Alas y Ureña a Zamora, Spain, a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1852. A lokacin haihuwarsa, mahaifinsa -Genaro García-Alas - ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan garin. Duk da haka, asalin Asturian na kakanninsa (musamman na mahaifiyarsa, Leonora) sun yi tasiri sosai ga halittunsa na gaba.

Yana dan shekara bakwai ya shiga makarantar Jesuit ta San Marcos Convent a León. Can, kadan Leopoldo ya tsaya don kyawawan darajojinsa, horo da haɗe shi da imani, har zuwa matsayin da ake dauka a matsayin dalibi abin koyi. A halin yanzu, ya haɓaka son wasiƙu yayin zamansa a gidan danginsu a Oviedo.

Yaro mai ladabi

Leopoldo mai cikakken iko ya riga ya iya karanta marubuta na girman Cervantes ko Fray Luis de León. Matsayinta na precocity ya kasance irin wannan tare da shekaru goma sha ɗaya kawai ya shigar a cikin kujerun shirye-shiryen Jami'ar Oviedo. Inda ya sami koyarwa a fannin lissafi, koyaswar kirista, da'a, falsafa, Latin, da kuma ilimin kimiya.

Hakanan, a cikin wannan gidan karatun ya yi abota da marubutan nan gaba kamar Tomás Tuero, Pío Rubín da Armando Palacio Valdés. A 1869 ya sami digiri na farko. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya koma Madrid don samun digiri na uku a matsayin masanin shari'a. A cikin babban birnin kasar ya sake saduwa da abokansa daga Oviedo kuma ya fara halartar taron na Bilis Club.

Gabatarwa zuwa Krausism

Garcia-Alas ya koyi ka'idojin Krausism da sassaucin ra'ayi na duniya yayin kammala digirin digirgir din sa saboda kujerun Nicolás Salmerón da Adolfo Camus. Hakanan, na biyun sune mashahuran Kraus kuma almajiran masanin falsafa Julián Sanz del Río, waɗanda suka kafa tushen akida don ƙirƙirar Institución Libre de Enseñanza.

Ayyukan aikin jarida na farko

Tare da wajibai na ilimi, matashi Leopoldo ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga jaridar Solfeggio, Antonio Pérez Sánchez ne ya kafa kuma ya jagoranta. Wannan jaridar, wacce aka kafa a 1875, ta fito da hankali sosai a matsayin bakin magana ga jamhuriya. Shekarar da ta gabata, Jamhuriya ta Farko ta Spain ta faɗi bayan juyin mulkin Manuel Pavía, wanda da shi ne aka fara dawo da mulkin mallaka.

Daraktan Solfeggio ya bukaci dukkan editocinsa da su yi amfani da sunan kayan kida. Saboda wannan dalili, Leopoldo García-Alas ya fara sa hannu a ƙarƙashin sunan "Clarín" shafinsa mai taken "El Azotacalles de Madrid". A ciki, ya rubuta shayari tare da sukar siyasar da ta zama mai rikitarwa, tun da ya yi rashin jin kai ga sabon fitattun masu mulki.

Doctorate a cikin Dokar Civilasa da Canon

A cikin 1876, Clarín ya rubuta labaransa na farko don Mujallar Asturias, wanda wani babban abokansa, Félix Aramburu ya jagoranta. Shekaru biyu bayan haka sai kawai littafin da sunansa na ainihi ya bayyana: karatun digirinsa na uku mai taken Doka da ɗabi'a. Duk da haka, cancantar karatunsa bai isa ya zama mai riƙe da kujera a Jami'ar Salamanca ba.

Babban abin da ya kawo cikas ga burinsa na koyarwa shi ne Countididdigar Toreno, sau ɗaya maƙasudin mummunan suka daga Clarín da Ministan Koyarwar Jama'a a wancan lokacin. Duk da haka, Jami'ar Zaragoza ta nada shi Farfesa a fannin Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa da Lissafi a cikin 1882. A waccan shekarar - 29 ga Agusta - ta auri Onofre García-Argüelles.

Farfesa

A cikin 1883, Clarín ya karɓi ta Royal Order kujerar shugaban Dokar Roman a Jami'ar Oviedo. A cikin aikin koyarwarsa ya banbanta kansa da dabarun kimantawa da hanyoyin koyarwa wanda babban aikinsu shine haifar da bincike maimakon haddacewa. Duk da tsananin tsaurin kai, ya tayar da sha'awa sosai tsakanin ɗalibansa da abokan aikinsa.

Asarfafawa azaman babban mai sukar lokacinsa

A wannan lokacin, an riga an girmama shi sosai a matsayin masanin siyasa da mai sukar adabi. Rubuce-rubucen Clarín sun kasance suna da kaifin su, wanda ya sanya su shahara sosai (a daidai lokacin da suka ƙara jerin abokan gaba). Kusan duk labaran nasa an buga su a kafofin watsa labarai kamar Rashin Rashin Gaskiya, Comic Madrid y Misali, da sauransu.

A halin yanzu, a cikin 1884 farkon girma na Hakimin, mashahurinsa (an sake juz'i na biyu shekara mai zuwa). Godiya ga babban ƙarfinsa na aiki, ya sami damar haɗuwa da aikin koyarwarsa tare da labaran jaridarsa. gami da fadakar da labarai da litattafai. A cikin duka, Clarín ya buga fiye da ra'ayi dubu biyu har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa.

Shekarun da suka gabata

A lokacin 1890s, Clarín ya sami canjin ruhaniya da halin mutum. Bugu da ƙari, bai cika kasancewa tare da kowane ɗayan ɗalibai na zamantakewa a Spain ba a wancan lokacin. Tabbas, wannan yanayin bai dakatar da aikinsa ba, wanda hakan, ya ci gaba da kirkirar wallafe-wallafensa ta hanyar labarai iri-iri har ma da wasan kwaikwayo, Teresa (Ya haifar da gazawar sake bayyanawa).

Da zuwan karni na XNUMX, Clarín ya yarda ya yi fassarar da ta dauke shi watanni -Aikiby Émile Zola - duk da cewa alamun rashin lafiyarta sun tsananta. A ƙarshe, ganewar asali bai ƙarfafa ba: tarin fuka na hanji a cikin ci gaba (ba shi da magani a wancan lokacin). A cikin rikice-rikice, Leopoldo Alas ya mutu a Oviedo a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 1901; yana da shekaru 49.

Ginin gini

Novelas

Kuna iya siyan labari anan: Babu kayayyakin samu.

La Mai mulki (1884-1885)

Sanannen sanannen aikin Clarín yana da fa'ida sosai, cike da jiragen sama daban-daban da haruffa masu haɓakawa. Yana da labari dangane da kwararar abubuwan da jarumar keyi, inda zina itace jigon magana. Saboda haka, ana kwatanta shi da ayyuka kamar Madame Bovary, by Mazaje Ne, Anna Karenina, daga Tolstoï, Ko kuma dan uwan ​​Basilio, ta Eça de Queiroz ko Mamayar Plassansby Tsakar Gida

A gefe guda, bayanin yanayin lardin yana da cikakken bayani, tare da bayyanannun fasali na dabi'ar halitta da wani sabon labari na kai-kawo. Bugu da kari, Clarín ya sami damar nuna sha'awar sa game da lamuran ɗabi'a (krausistas). A lokaci guda, masu karatu suna fahimtar abubuwan da halayen mutane da halaye suka nuna na wancan lokacin.

Sauran litattafan by Clarín

• Gangara (1890-1891).
• Rungumar Pelayo (1889).
• Sonansa tilo (1890). Shi ne littafinsa mafi tsayi.

Ofididdigar zargi na siyasa, fasaha da adabi

• Clarín Solos (1881).
• Litattafai a cikin 1881 (1882).
• Wa'azin da aka rasa (1885).
• Sabuwar kamfen (1887).
• Matsaloli da mujallu (1892).
• Talkananan magana (1894).

Tatsuniyoyi

Kuna iya siyan littafin anan: Ubangiji da sauran labarai ne

• Lafiya lau, Rago! Ban kwana, Cordera!.
• Love'è furbo.
• Burgundy.
• Tatsuniyoyi.
• Cuervo.
• Daga Hukumar.
• Biyu ta hanyar.
• Likita Angelicus.
• Don Paco daga marufi.
• Madam Berta.
• Maza biyu masu hikima.
• Duo tari.
• Zakara na Socrates.
• Ubangiji da sauran labarai ne.
• Dakta Pértinax.
• Littafin da bazawara.
• Babban bear.
• Hular firist.
• A jirgin kasa.
• A shagon sayar da magani
• Lambar… karamin kare.
• Bututu.
• Yaudara.
• Drum da bututu.
• Teresa.
• Dan takara.
• Mai dawowa.
• Kuri'a.