1984
1984 — asalin da aka sani da Ingilishi kamar Sha tara Tamanin da Hudu- dystopian ne kuma labarin almara na siyasa wanda ɗan Burtaniya, marubuci, marubuci kuma ɗan jarida Eric Arthur Blair ya rubuta, wanda aka fi sani da sunan sa: George Orwell. An fara buga aikin ne a shekara ta 1949. Wannan shahararren littafin Orwell ya kawo wa jama'a ra'ayoyi kamar Big Brother, Newspeak da Tunanin 'yan sanda.
Littafin littafin dystopian na farko shine Nosotros (1924), na Zamyatin. Duk da haka, 1984 ya zo kasuwa a matsayin babban lamari na tallace-tallace, har ma a lokacinsa, wanda ya sa ya zama mafi kyawun nau'in. Hakazalika, littafin Orwell yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi wakilcin ƙarni na ƙarshe, kasancewa wani ɓangare na Littattafai 100 na ƙarni a cewar Le Monde.
Takaitawa game da 1984, da George Orwell
Takaitaccen bayanin al'ummar Orwellian
Makircin littafin ya faru ne a cikin 1984, a cikin London mai gaba. (don lokacin da aka rubuta littafin, ba shakka). Tsohuwar ƙasar Biritaniya a yanzu tana cikin wani yanki da ake kira Air Belt 1. Wannan Jiha kuma, an haɗa ta cikin babbar ƙasa ta Oceania. A lokaci guda, Al'ummar wannan gari sun kasu kashi uku.
Na karshen su ne: na waje membobin Jam'iyyar Single Party, wadanda ke cikin da'irar jam'iyyar cikida kuma proles (rauni na proletariat). Wadanda aka ambata a sama wani bangare ne na mutanen da aka gabatar a matsayin talakawa. Wadannan mutane suna rayuwa cikin nishadi da talauci, kuma gwamnati tana kiyaye su ta yadda babu daya daga cikinsu ya yi tawaye ga dokokinsa na kama-karya.
Yaki Zaman Lafiya ne, 'Yanci Bauta ne, Jahilci Karfi ne
Winston Smith mutum ne mai shekaru 39 wanda yana aiki da Ma'aikatar Gaskiya -ko Miniver, a cikin Newspeak—, ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatu huɗu da gwamnati ke kula da harkokinta. Aikin na babban hali, kuma, gaba ɗaya, na yankinsa, yana sake rubuta tarihi don dacewa da abubuwan da ke faruwa a halin yanzu. Wata rana, bayan shekaru yana aiki da Miniver, Winston ya gane cewa wani abu bai dace ba.
Yayin da yake hawa matakalar da ke kaiwa zuwa ɗakinsa, koyaushe yana ganin alamun da ke nuna Babban Yaya, Winston ya ɗauki gin, kuma ya ɓoye daga kyamarorin 'yan sanda na Tunani don rubuta a cikin diary. Gaskiya mai sauƙi na yin amfani da yare na "tsohuwar" na iya yanke hukuncin kisa ga jarumin., amma, a wannan lokacin, da alama ba ku damu ba.
Tilastawa da danniya
Mai farin ciki da ɓoye. Mutumin ya fara ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru da shi da safe. Ya kasance a cikin Ma'aikatar Gaskiya, yana shirya minti biyu na ƙiyayya da ke faruwa sau ɗaya a rana. Ba da jimawa ba sai ga wasu 'yan jam'iyya guda biyu, wani katon mutum da wata bakar fata kuma mace mai ban sha'awa 'yar ma'aikatar litattafai.
Mintuna biyu na ƙiyayya sun haɗa da sake haifar da fuskar Emmanuel Goldstein, kira "makiyin mutane". Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne na Jam'iyyar. Duk da haka, ya ci amanar gwamnati. Bayan an tashi. sun kafa Ƙungiyar 'Yan Uwa, ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta mutanen Eurasia. Wannan jawabi na wannan mutumi ya sa mahalarta taron, babba da mace mai duhu suka fara kururuwa, daga hayyacinsu.
Dan tawaye a inuwa
Daga baya, fuskar Big Brother ta bayyana akan allon, kuma hakan ya sassauta kusan kowa da kowa a cikin ɗakin, sai dai Winston, wanda ya so ya bayyana kansa, ko da yake ba zai yiwu ba. Don haka, Jarumin ya fara tunani game da Ikhwan, kuma idan da gaske ya kasance. A daidai lokacin da yake rubuta abubuwan tunawa da sha'awar sa, mutumin bai gane cewa yana rubuta "Down tare da Big Brother ba."
Fadin wani abu mara kyau game da Jam'iyyar Single da hanyar rayuwar Oceanian laifi ne da ke biya tare da ƙafewa. Wato: tare da mutuwa da bacewar daga baya. Sa’ad da ya shirya ya huta, ya sadu da ’ya’yansa, waɗanda suke da halin tashin hankali da gaske. Sa'an nan, babban hali ya tafi barci, kuma ya fara mafarki game da iyayensa, 'yar uwarsa, da kuma farkon tsarkakewa. Zurfin bacci kuma ya kai shi ga mafarkin mace mai duhu.
Soyayya da sha'awa haramun ne
1984 An kafa ta a cikin al'umma mai danniya, kama-karya ba tare da tausayi ga 'yan adam da hakkokinsu ba.. Bayan duk abubuwan da ke sama, ana iya tabbatar da wannan godiya ga wani daga cikin haruffa: masanin falsafa ƙware a Newspeak. Babban aikin wannan mutumin shi ne ya lalata hankali, ya kawar da mafi rikitarwa a rubuce da magana, da musanya shi da rabin kalmomi. Duk wannan, bi da bi, yana da manufar ruɗi maza.
Game da marubucin, Eric Arthur Blair
George Orwell.
An haifi Eric Arthur Blair a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1903, a Motihari, British Raj. Shi ne, a cewar masu sukar adabi, daya daga cikin fitattun marubutan karni na XNUMX. Wanda aka fi sani da George Orwell, wannan marubucin da wuya yana buƙatar gabatarwa. Yawancin litattafan nasa suna samun wahayi ne daga abubuwan da ya faru. Dan jaridan, ya kuma fuskanci nakasu na mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya, wanda yake adawa da shi, yana kare, bi da bi, tsarin gurguzu na dimokuradiyya.
A tsawon aikinsa. Orwell An fi saninsa da aikinsa na ɗan jarida kuma marubuci. Duk da haka, yawancin mutanen da suke zuwa wurin aikinsa suna yin hakan ta hanyar littattafansa. A ma’anar adabi, marubucin Ya yi iƙirarin samun tasiri sosai daga Somerset Maugham, Jack London, Herman Melville, Charles Dickens da Jonathan Swift..
Sauran littattafan George Orwell
Novelas
- Kwanakin Burma - Kwanakin Burma (1934);
- 'Yar Malami - Diyar liman (1935);
- Ci gaba da tashi Aspidistra - Kada aspidistra ya mutu (1936);
- Zuwan Sama - Tashi sama sama (1939);
- Dabbobin Dabbobi - Tawaye a gona (1945).
Labarin da ba na almara
- Down and Out a Paris da London - Babu fari a cikin Paris da London (1933);
- Hanyar zuwa Wigan Pier - Hanyar zuwa Wigan Pier (1937);
- Gida zuwa Catalonia - Godiya ga Catalonia (1938);
labarai
- Jaridar kwata-kwata;
- Mafaka;
- a rataye;
- a cikin trullo;
- Gidajen masauki;
- Rudyard Kipling;
- kashe giwa;
- Tunanin mai sayar da littattafai;
- A cikin kare novel;
- Gano cake na Mutanen Espanya;
- Martanin da ba a buga ba ga 'Marubuta sun goyi bayan yakin Spain';
- Bayanan kula akan mayakan Mutanen Espanya;
- Dalilin da ya sa na shiga Jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta;
- Tunanin siyasa akan rikice-rikice;
- Dimokuradiyya a cikin Sojojin Burtaniya;
- Marrakech;
- Charles Dickens;
- matasa mako-mako;
- A cikin ciki na whale;
- Bayanan kula akan tafiya;
- Sabbin kalmomi;
- Zuwa ga darektan Time and Tide;
- Kasata, dama ko hagu;
- Zaki da unicorn: zamantakewa da hazaka na Ingila;
- Iyakar fasaha da farfaganda;
- Tolstoy da Shakespeare;
- Ma'anar waka;
- Adabi da mulkin kama-karya;
- Ya kai Dokta Goebbels, abokanka na Biritaniya suna cin abinci sosai!!;
- Wells, Hitler da kuma duniya jihar;
- Aikin Donald McGill;
- kudi da makamai;
- Rudyard Kipling II;
- An sake gano Turai;
- S.Eliot;
- Tunawa da yakin Spain;
- Hirar Hasashen: George Orwell da Jonathan Swift;
- Rashin kuɗi: bayanin martaba na George Gissing;
- Adabi da hagu;
- Za a iya 'yan gurguzu su yi farin ciki?
- Mutanen Ingila;
- Gata na hukumci. Wasu bayanan kula akan Salvador Dalí;
- Littattafai sun yi tsada sosai?
- Raffles da Miss Blandish;
- Farfaganda da harshe;
- Arthur Koestler;
- Tobias Smollet, babban marubucin marubucin Scotland;
- Nishaɗi, amma ba lalata ba;
- Kawa da stout;
- A cikin tsaron PG Wodehouse;
- Anti-Semitism a Ingila;
- Waka da makirufo;
- Bayanan kula akan kishin kasa;
- Bayanan sirri akan 'kimiyya';
- 'Yancin aikin jarida;
- Fansa tana da ɗaci;
- Bam din atomic kuma ku;
- Menene kimiyya?;
- Littattafai marasa kyau;
- Rushewar adabi;
- Uzuri na murhu;
- Siyasa da harshen Ingilishi;
- Ruhin wasanni.