Miguel de Unamuno.
Inkungu (1914), ngumbhali weBilbao uMiguel de Unamuno, uyisiqephu esiyisisekelo phakathi kwezinkomba zenoveli yesimanje yobukhona. Impela, lapho uhlaziya izici zesitayela salo msebenzi, kuyadingeka ukukhomba izici zohlobo olusha oluvulwe, ngokunembile, ngu-Unamuno nge Inkungu.
Yi «nívola», ukulandisa okwakhiwe ngokusebenzisa izazi zomzimba ezingalindelekile zabaphikisi. Phakathi kwalezi zinkhulumomphendvulwano zangaphakathi, zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe kusukela emicabangweni yenja kuya ekuxhumaneni nomlingiswa oyinhloko nomdali wayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphatha ngobuciko inganekwane nokwenziwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kwenze Inkungu itshe eliyigugu lokubhala.
Sobre el autor
UMiguel de Unamuno wabona ukukhanya okokuqala eBilbao, eSpain, ngoSepthemba 29, 1864. Ngesikhathi esengumntwana wabona ubunzima bempi yeCarlist. Ngawo-1880 waphothula iziqu zePhilosophy and Letters e-University of Madrid. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yayinguthisha wesikole samabanga aphakeme (wayefundisa isiLatin nezengqondo), kodwa inhloso yakhe enkulu kwakuwukuthola isihlalo senyuvesi.
Ngemuva kwemizamo eminingana engaphumelelanga, ngo-1891 waqokwa njengoProfesa wamaGreki eNyuvesi yaseSalamanca. (Kulelo dolobha waphila impilo yakhe yonke). Ngo-1901, waba ngumphathi waleyo ndlu yezifundo (owokuqala kumatemu amathathu amade). Ukuphazamiseka okude kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe waseyunivesithi kwenzeka ngesikhathi sobushiqela bukaPrimo Rivera (1924 - 1930), ngenkathi eyiswa ekudingisweni eFrance.
Uhlamvu
Ukuphikisana okuphawulwe ngu-Unamuno kuyabonakala lapho ebona izinguquko zakhe kwezombusazwe, ezinkingeni zakhe zokomoya, nasemisebenzini yakhe. Empeleni, Wayengumuntu ozimelayo onomqondo obonakalayo, ekucindezelekeni okungapheli ngisho nakuye uqobo. Ngakho-ke, ukulwa kwakhe ku-PSOE noma ukuzwelana kwakhe nemibono yobusosayensi ngesikhathi esemusha akumangalisi.
Kamuva, wancika ekuthambekeni okunamandla, eza ukuzwelana nombuso kaFranco yize wayekhethwe njengephini ngesikhathi seRiphabhulikhi. Yize ngasekupheleni kwempilo yakhe ehoxile kulesi sikhundla. Ngakho-ke, Ushonele esitokisini ekhaya lakhe ngoDisemba 31, 1936. Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, wakhuluma omunye wemisho yakhe edume kakhulu phambi kwesixuku:
"Uzowina kodwa ngeke ukholise."
Izici zomsebenzi wakhe
Ifa
Ubukhulu nokubaluleka kokudalwa kwezobuciko kuka-Unamuno kuqhathaniswa kuphela nezinye izigebenga zemibhalo yaseSpain yekhulu lama-XNUMX. Ngendlela efanayo, Wayengumlobi ophumelelayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo: iprozi, izinkondlo, ama-eseyi, umdlalo weshashalazi ... Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lo mbhali waseSpain ubekade etholakala ngokomlando ngaphakathi kweSizukulwane sama-98.
themes
Ukucaphuna kukaMiguel de Unamuno.
UMiguel de Unamuno wayehlala engumuntu okhathazekile ngomlando, izincwadi, imikhuba emibi, okwamanje nekusasa leSpain. Ngokufanayo, wayethanda kakhulu ukuvuselelwa ngokomoya kwesizwe esivame ukuthambekela ekucabangeni. Ekuziphendukeleni kwakhe kwemvelo waguqula izimangalo zakhe wathi "yi-Europeanize iSpain" ngokuthi "iSpainize iYurophu".
Okunye okuthintekayo emsebenzini wakhe ukunaka kwakhe usizi nezinkinga zomuntu. Ngakho-ke, umbhali waseBilbao uchaze izimpikiswano ngezinkinga ezijulile ezikhona mayelana nenkinga yaphakade phakathi kwesimo esinqunyiwe somuntu. Kanye nobudlelwano bakhe noNkulunkulu nokungafi komphefumulo noma imibono.
Esilo
Inqubo yokudala ka-Unamuno nemiyalezo edluliselwe ezingcezwini zakhe ibonisa ngobuqotho ubuntu bakhe. Imisebenzi yakhe iyinhlanganisela ephelele yobungqongqo obuqine kakhulu nobumnandi obuchazwe ngezinkulumo ezivuselelwe., kude nezindlela zakudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhali waseBasque weza ukuzosungula amagama amasha ukwengeza ukuminyana kwemibono nokuqina kwemizwa.
Ukuhlaziywa nokufingqwa kwe- Inkungu
Inkungu.
Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.
Indlela
Le noveli ilandisa ngezimo zika-Augusto Pérez, isazi somthetho esincane esicebile esanda kushonelwa ngunina ongumfelokazi. Njengoba kungukuphela kwengane, umlingiswa ophambili uzizwa edidekile kakhulu ngokuba khona kwakhe. Impendulo yakhe kunoma isiphi isimo - kuthiwa - ifilosofi, kepha, ukukhuluma iqiniso, izinqumo zakhe zivame ukungacabangi, zinganakwa kangako.
Yize ehlale enemizwa emihle, uthambekele ekuziphatheni okuvilaphayo. Ngenxa yalokho, u-Augusto "uzivumela aphile" esikhundleni sokulawula impilo yakhe. Ngokwalesi sizathu, abakwazi ukubona kanye / noma ukubhekana nemizwa yabo lapho bevela, ikakhulukazi, ngemuva kokwaliwa ngumshayi wopiyano omuhle, u-Eugenia Domingo del Arco.
Ukuthuthukiswa
Okokuqala, le ntokazi eshelwayo ithi inesoka, uMauricio. Noma kunjalo, lapho u-Augusto eqala ukuthandana noRosario —Omunye wezincekukazi zakhe— yena (ngokusolisayo) ukhetha ukwehlukana nomlingani wakhe. Ngemuva kwalokho, uRosario uyavuma ukuthembisana umshado no-Augusto bese kubekwa usuku lomshado wesikhathi esizayo.
Crisis
Nokho, ngaphambi nje komshado, u-Eugenia umazisa ngencwadi eya ku-Augusto ukuthi ngeke abe ngumkakhe. Esikhundleni salokho, unquma ukubuya noMauricio ahambe naye aye esifundazweni. Futhi, kule ncwadi le ntombazane ichaza ngezinhlelo zayo zokuzondla ngenxa yomsebenzi owatholwa ngummeli kaMauricio (owayenqena) nasendlini eyayikhokhelwe isikweletu sika-Augusto.
Ngale ndlela, umbono wowesifazane omuhle futhi olwayo u-Augusto (kanye nomfundi) ayanyamalala lapho kuvela isimo sakhe sangempela sokungathembeki. Ngokuhambisana, Izimfanelo zika-Eugenia njengomqambimanga, ezinwabuzelayo, ezikhohlisayo nezenza inzuzo ziyabonakala. Ebhekene nalokhu kukhashelwa, ukuphuma komlingiswa oyinhloko ukuzibulala.
Isambulo
Njengesenzo sokugcina ngaphambi kokuzibulala, umlingiswa ophambili uthathe isinqumo sokuya eSalamanca ukuvakashela u-Unamuno. Ngombhali, uhlanganyela engxoxweni enkulu, lapho uDon Miguel enza khona uNkulunkulu no-Augusto bemelela isidalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, isambulo esichithekelayo sivela ku-Unamuno - uMdali: u-Augusto Pérez akayona into yangempela. Ummeli ungumlingiswa oqanjiwe onesiphetho esimakiwe, ngaphandle kokufa ngokuzibulala.
Ekugcineni, u-Augusto uphikisana no-Unamuno futhi uthi ukhona. Yini enye, Kumkhumbuza ngesimo sokufa esingenakugwenywa sabo bonke abantu (kufaka phakathi uDon Miguel, abafundi kanye naye uqobo). Lesi sitatimende sishiya umbhali ecasukile, othatha umhlalaphansi ukuze aphumule ekhaya ... Ngenkathi elele, uNkulunkulu uyeka ukuphupha ngo-Augustus, ngenxa yalokho, lo protagonist "uyawa", okungukuthi, uyafa.