Izincwadi ezihamba phambili zaseYurophu

Yize izincwadi bezikhona kuwo wonke amasiko omhlaba kusukela endulo, lelo zwekazi lakudala laba esinye sezisekelo zomcabango waseNtshonalanga nokulandisa. Lezi izincwadi ezinhle kakhulu zaseYurophu Abachazi umzuzwana nje emlandweni, bahlala bekudala abangaphelelwa yisikhathi ngisho nangekhulu lama-XNUMX futhi mhlawumbe kuze kube phakade.

I-Odyssey, kaHomer

Umsebenzi oqinisa izincwadi zaseYurophu nezaseNtshonalanga uqobo Ibuyela emuva isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC lapho, ngokusho kongoti, le nkondlo yaqedwa. Ihlanganiswe izinganekwane ezahlukahlukene ze-Greek microcosm eziguqulwe ngokuphelele endabeni, I-odyssey ilandisa le ngqophamlando ukubuyela kuka-Odysseus e-Ithaca ngemuva kokunqotshwa kukaTroy, okwakha indawo yonke eye yadlula kuwo wonke umlando, kukhuthaza isizukulwane sonke sababhali kanye nezazi.

UDon Quixote de la Mancha, kaMiguel de Cervantes

Kuthathwa njengomsebenzi omkhulu kunayo yonke, hhayi amagama ethu kuphela, kepha nomlando, Don Quixote igqugquzele umhlaba ukuthi ungene ezindabeni zawo uze uvule amehlo awo. Ishicilelwe ngo-1605 futhi yakhulelwa njengokulingisa kwenoveli ye-chivalric ngenxa yethoni yayo ye-burlesque, ukuzidela kwe-hidalgo evela eLa Mancha eyahamba yayofuna iDulcinea yakhe ayithandayo futhi yadida izigayo zaseLa Mancha nezidlakela okuthiwa indlela yokuqala yokwenzeka ngokoqobo lokho kungachaza unomphela imisebenzi yaseYurophu eyayizofika eminyakeni eyalandela nasemakhulwini eminyaka.

Ukuziqhenya Nokubandlulula, nguJane Austen

Indima yabesifazane emibhalweni wayengayijabuleli njalo inkululeko yanamuhla. Empeleni, ababhali abanjengo-Emily Brontë noma uJane Austen basebenzise amagama-mbumbulu wesilisaIsikhathi sokushicilela imisebenzi yakho emhlabeni ophethwe ngabantu besilisa. Ngenhlanhla nini Ukuziqhenya nokubandlulula Yashicilelwa ngo-1813, into ethile yaphuka emhlabeni ngezincwadi; into elethe ukuhlekisa, ubuqili nobufazi. Indaba yomhlaba wonke ka-Elizabeth Bennet njengowesifazane ozimele ongafuni ukukhothanyiswa ukuqomisana kwendoda ephelele ibe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi hhayi nje umsebenzi odingekayo ukuthi ufundwe ngesikhathi esithile, kodwa isibonelo incwadi ingashintsha kanjani umhlaba.

I-Tale of Two Cities, ebhalwe nguCharles Dickens

Yize enye ye ababhali abakhulu emlandweni Wanikela ngengxenye yempilo yakhe ekubhaleni izindaba zokugxekwa komphakathi okulingisa izingane ezinjengo-Oliver Twist noma i-A Christmas Carol, nomsebenzi okukhulunywa ngawo lapha uCharles Dickens wagxumela kwelinye iligi, enikeza umhlaba elinye lamanoveli adingeka kakhulu esikhathi sakhe. Umlando wemizi emibili ikhuluma ngezindaba ezimbili ukusethwa kwazo eNgilandi enokuthula naseFrance yangaphambi kwenguquko kucabanga ukuthi a ukuqhathanisa amazwe amabili ahluke ngokuphelele: eyodwa izolile futhi izinzile, kanti enye ayinakho ukuthula futhi iyaphindisela. Ilungele ukuqonda leso siqephu senhlalo esasiyinguquko yaseFrance ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Kanye noDon Quixote, i-magnum opus kaDickens incwadi ethengiswa kakhulu kunazo zonke emlandweni.

Madame Bovary, nguGustave Flaubert

UFlaubert waseFrance wayehlala njalo engumbhali ocophelelayo. Eqinisweni, ubengachitha izinyanga nezinyanga elungisa isigaba esisodwa somsebenzi wakhe ukuwenza uphelele. Ngalesi sizathu, akumangazi ukuthi Madame Bovary lidlule njengomunye wemisebenzi emikhulu yesikhathi salo nanjengesithombe esineqhaza laso elihlala isikhathi eside. Ukungaguquguquki kwendawo yonke komuntu ithunjwa lapha ngamehlo ka-Emma, ​​unkosikazi kadokotela okuthi noma impilo iphelele alangazelele okuthe xaxa, efuna ukugcwalisa isikhala okungekho amaqembu aphezulu omphakathi noma ukuzinza okungasigcwalisa. Kutholwe njenge ukuhlaziywa kwamakhosi aseFrance ngekhulu le-XNUMX leminyaka eFrance, UMadame Bovary ungomunye wemisebenzi emikhulu yeqiniso kanye nemvelo, eqondiswe esinqumweni esiveza njengoba sinamandla.

Ulysses, kaJames Joyce

Kuwo wonke umlando kube khona imisebenzi ekhuthaze kokubili uthando nenzondo, okudliwe ngokukhululeka okufanayo lapho umfundi ofunda ukuma komzimba ezama ukuzifaka emsebenzini onzima njengoba ukhethekile. Ulysses Ungomunye wabo, yize abagxeki bengazange bayamukele ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwayo ngo-1922, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi abantu abafundile ababengajwayele. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi siphelile ukukhulisa i-Olympus yombhalo lokhu inguqulo yanamuhla yeHomer's Odyssey ukuthi uJoyce wathuthela eDublin ngawo-20 uLeopold Bloom awuhambela ngosuku olulodwa lokuphila kwakhe. Enye yezincwadi ezinhle kakhulu zaseYurophu emlandweni, ngaphandle kokungabaza.

Idayari ka-Ana Frank

Yize eminingi ibhaliwe izincwadi ezisethwe eMpini Yezwe IIZimbalwa ezavela enhliziyweni yalokho okwakungomunye wezigigaba ezinegazi kakhulu emlandweni. Idayari ka-Ana Frank, ebhalwe yintombazane eneminyaka engama-13 yamaJuda evalelwe endaweni yokukhosela e-Amsterdam nomndeni obalekela amabutho amaNazi amaJalimane akuvezi nje kuphela izinto ezesabekayo zase-Europe ekuqaleni kwawo-40, kodwa futhi nendawo yonke yentombazane ekhule ngokugcwele, egcwele yamaphupho nethemba lokuthi ukuya emphumeleni wayo kucabanga isihluku esimenyezelwe esiqhubeka nokuguqula amathumbu kwanoma imuphi umfundi.

Ngo-1984, nguGeorge Orwell

Umanduleli we a ubulili be-dystopian lokho bekuzokhathaza umhlaba kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili ngokuya ngezinguquko ezehlukene zenhlalo ezenzeke ngenxa yazo zombili izimpi zomhlaba, u-1984 uyaqhubeka nokuba yincwadi yamanje. Setha unyaka ngenhlanhla wehlukile kokuqukethwe okuqukethwe umsebenzi, 1984 kusibeka eLondon yesikhathi esizayo ephethwe ngamaphoyisa okucabanga olawula zonke izenzo zesiboshwa emhlabeni salowo "Big Brother." Into ehlekisayo ngakho ukuthi umsebenzi ka-Orwell uhlala ucabangisisa ezweni elibuswa ubuchwepheshe namandla amakhulu.

Yiziphi izincwadi ezihamba phambili zaseYurophu emlandweni wakho?