Izincwadi ezihamba phambili ezisethwe olwandle

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezincwadi nolwandle buya kude kakhulu. Futhi kukhona okuthize ngamabhishi, ubukhulu bolwandle kanye namazwe alo afihliwe osekuphele amakhulu eminyaka luthandana futhi lwaphonsela inselelo ababhali abanohlonze ukuthi bacubungule izimfihlo zalo. Lezi izincwadi ezihamba phambili ezisethwe olwandle Basikisela ukuhamba okuhlukahlukene ngamagagasi besebenzisa izinyanga eziseduze zasehlobo. Ngabe uza ukuzothatha idiphu?

URobinson Crusoe, nguDaniel Defoe

Kucatshangelwe njengo inoveli yokuqala yesiNgisi, Robinson Crusoe yanyatheliswa ngo-1719 yashintsha unomphela umhlaba wezincwadi kanye nomqondo "wokulahla" njengomthombo ovamile ezincwadini ze-adventure eminyakeni ezayo. I-X-ray yesikhathi esithile, itilosi elidumile lafika esiqhingini esisogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika futhi ukufundiswa kwalo ngoLwesihlanu lwendabuko lokuxhashazwa kwaseNtshonalanga kuyisibonakaliso esihle nesicashile sezikhathi zamakholoni zekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili.

UMoby Dick nguHerman Melville

Uma kunenoveli evusa njengabambalwa umzabalazo waphakade phakathi komuntu nemvelo, yiMoby Dick, indaba edumile yomkhumbi onabasebenzi bayo ababhekene nomkhomo omkhulu omhlophe wesidoda. Le noveli, egcwele izimpawu nezinsika, inabaphikisi abathile abavela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba abamele ubuntu uqobo, ngenkathi kukhona Moby Dick ibuyela emuva hhayi kuphela ku- Izinkumbulo njengetilosi laseMelville kepha kwaba khona izehlakalo ezimbili ezidumile ezenzeka ngekhulu le-1820: ukuhlaselwa kwesikebhe sokudoba i-Essex ngumkhomo omhlophe wesidoda oLwandlekazi iPacific ngo-1851 nokuba khona komkhomo owaziwa ngokuthi yi-albino sperm whale owahlasela isiqhingi saseChile iMocha futhi okuyinto wonke umuntu ayibiza ngokuthi uMocha Dick. Le noveli, naphezu kwempumelelo yayo elinganiselwe ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwayo ngo-XNUMX, yagcina iba uphawu emibhalweni yaseMelika.

Amaligi Ayizinkulungwane Ezingamashumi Amabili Ngaphansi KoLwandle, nguJules Verne

Kukhishwe okokuqala kumagazini waseFrance Magasin d'Éducation et de Récréation phakathi kuka-1869 no-1870, Izilimi eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili zokuhamba ngaphansi kwamanziKwakuyinguquko ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwayo ngokufaka umfundi emazweni angaphansi kwamanzi ayengekho kuze kube yileso sikhathi ezincwadini. Indaba ebabazekayo okuqala kwayo okulandisa ukucwiliswa kwesazi sezinto eziphilayo uPierre Aronnax ku iNautilus, umkhumbi-ngwenya ophethwe uCaptain Nemo ongaqondakali, umlingiswa omele umbono kaJules Verne obhekene nentukuthelo nokuziphindisela esintwini ngekhulu le-XNUMX.

Treasure Island, nguRobert Louis Stevenson

Ngekhulu le-XNUMX, umuntu wayeseke wahambela ingxenye yolwandle lomhlaba. Kodwa-ke, iphupho lokuthola lezo ziqhingi ezingaziwa lapho kulindwe khona amagugu aphakanyiswe izinganekwane nezinsumansumane. Isisekelo esisebenze njengesisekelo sokukodwa kwe- amanoveli we-adventure anethonya kunayo yonke. Kubhalwe nguScotland Stevenson, Isiqhingi samagugu landela izigemegeme ze UJim hawkins, ilungu elincane lezisebenzi zomkhumbi uLa Hispaniola olandela izinkomba emephini ezokwembula indawo yengcebo edumile kaCaptain Flint. I-classic ephelele.

Indoda endala nolwandle, ngo-Ernest Hemingway

Ubudlelwano phakathi kweHemingway neCuba buholele kulokho okubhekwa ngabaningi njengomsebenzi ongcono kakhulu wombhali weFiesta. Ishicilelwe ngo-1952, Indoda endala nolwandle ilandisa ngendaba yomdobi osekhulile ophumela olwandle ukuyobamba izinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu umphakathi wakhe owake wazazi. Ibhalwe nguHemingway kuPlaya del Pilar ayithandayo, eCayo Guillermo, i-El viejo y el mar ayisiyo nje kuphela i-ode eya kulolo luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka umlobi ahlala ngayo othandweni, kodwa futhi nokuziqhenya nethemba njengekhandlela phakathi imvelo engalindelekile. Kuthathwa njengenye ye- izincwadi ezihamba phambili zekhulu lama-XNUMX, umsebenzi ubuyisele uHemingway empumelelweni yakhe yakudala, yaqondana nezimbili Imiklomelo kaPulitzer neNobel etholwe ngo-1953.

Indaba yokulahlwa, nguGabriel García Márquez

UGabo wayehlale engumbhali onekhono, kodwa futhi eyintatheli enekhono. Ubufakazi balokhu kwakuwukushicilelwa ngo-1055 kwale ndaba izinsuku eziyi-14 zilandelana ephephandabeni laseColombia i-El Espectador eshicilelwe njengencwadi ngo-1970. Indaba iyasho izinsuku eziyishumi olwandle ezichithwa ngumatilosi uLuis Alejandro Velasco, ukuphela komuntu owasinda e-ARC Caldas, umgibeli wezimpahla owashiya idolobha laseMobile e-Alabama ethwele izinto ezingekho emthethweni. Indaba eyiqiniso, efanele isiqephu esingashicilelwanga sikaRobinson Crusoe noma iThe Lord of the Flies, yenze uVelasco waba yiqhawe lesizwe, owasinda uGabo adlulisela kuye wonke amalungelo emsebenzini wakhe ngemuva kokushicilelwa.

Ungathanda ukufunda Indaba yokulahlwa?

Imihlathi, nguPeter Benchley

Izinyanga ngaphambi kokuba ishicilelwe ngo-1974, abakhiqizi uRichard D. Zanuck noDavid Brown bafunda okusalungiswa kwenoveli ngu Shark futhi abazange banqikaze umzuzwana ukuthenga amalungelo endaba ngokulungiswa kwayo kwamafilimu. Ukufika kukashaka omkhulu omhlophe odala umonakalo emphakathini omncane wesiqhingi kuhambisane nengxenye yempumelelo yawo ngenxa I-movie kaSteven Spielberg ekhishwe ngo-1975, eyayizoshintsha imboni yaseHollywood unomphela ngokuba yifilimu enenzuzo enkulu kakhulu kuze kube unyaka wayo wokukhishwa. Njengokwenganekwane njengoba kujabulisa.

Life of Pi, ngu-Yann Martel

Ngemuva kwenoveli engaphumelelanga ebekwe ePortugal, uCanada uYann Martel wanquma ukuya eNdiya eyofuna indaba. Futhi bekungaba lapho, endaweni yokudlela, lapho bekuzokhulunywa khona indaba yendoda. Esikhundleni salokho somfana ogama lakhe linguPi ophoqeleke ukuba aphile eceleni kwengwe okuthiwa Umpaki weRichar ngemuva kokucwila komkhumbi lapho umndeni wakhe wawufuna ukuhambisa i-zoo eMelika. Kugcwele izimpawu nezinganekwane, impilo kaPi inoveli ekhuluma ngokukholwa, mayelana nekhono lokukholelwa nokubona ithemba livuzwa ngeziqhingi zezinhlanzi zasolwandle nezinhlanzi ezindizayo. Enye yamanoveli afundwa kabanzi wekhulu le-XNUMX nawo agqugquzela ukuzijwayeza okubucayi nokwadunyiswa ngo-2012.

Yini i- izincwadi ezihamba phambili ezisethwe olwandle?