UGaspar Melchor de Jovellanos

UGaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744-1811) wayengumbhali wezincwadi zaseSpain ngekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Imisebenzi yakhe yayiyi-jurist kanye nemantshi. Imibhalo ka "Jovino" - esinye sezibongo zakhe zobuciko - ivelela ukulinywa okuhle kolimi nezincwadi zaseSpain. Le mfanelo ibonakala kakhulu enkondlweni yakhe, ebhekwa njengezikhathi ezinhle kakhulu zesikhathi sakhe.

UJovellanos ubuye wahlukaniswa ngokuphathwa okuhle kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo, ikakhulukazi ngephrozi lakhe elihle futhi elingokwemvelo. Ngendlela efanayo, wenza i-lyric elicwengiweyo kanye ne-satire njengoba kucwengisiswe njengoba kwakukhathaza. Hhayi ngeze, isibalo sakhe sasibhekwa njengesombusazwe okhanyisiwe. Ngalezi zizathu, ungumbhali onesisindo esifanele ngaphakathi komlando wezepolitiki nowezombhalo waseSpain.

I-Biography

Ukuzalwa, ubuntwana, izifundo kanye nentsha

Ubhapathiziwe uBaltasar Melchor Gaspar María, wazalelwa eGijon, ngoJanuwari 5, 1744. Umndeni wakhe wawudumile, yize wawungacebile kangako. Kusukela esemncane wakhombisa ukuyala okuncomekayo kothile osemncane kangako, njengoba ehlanganisa ngokuphelele izibopho zakhe zemfundo nothando lwakhe lokubhala. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayethonywe ikakhulukazi yimisinga ekhanyisiwe.

Ngemuva kokuhlanganisa iminyaka engu-13 wahlala e-Oviedo ukuze afunde ifilosofi eyunivesithi yalelo dolobha. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, sfuthi wathuthela e-Avila ukuze ayoqedela i-baccalaureate yakhe eCánones. Uthole iziqu zakhe e-University of Santa Catalina de El Burgo de Osma (1761). Uthole iziqu zakhe ngo-1763 eSanto Tomás de Ávila University.

Imisebenzi yokuqala

Ngemuva kokuphothula ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe kwezenkolo eMeya yaseColegio de San Ildefonso e-University of Alcalá (1764-1767), wathuthela eSeville. Lapho, waqokwa waba yimantshi yeRoyal Court kwathi ngo-1774 wanikezwa isikhundla sokuba yiMeya yezoBulelesi kanye ne-Oidor yenhlokodolobha yase-Andalusi. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uJovellanos wakhonza njengonobhala wezobuciko nemisebenzi yezandla weSociedad Patriótica Sevillana.

Ngokunjalo, ngo-1773 uGaspar osemusha waqedela ukubhala kwakhe kokuqala okusemthethweni (okumangazayo) Isigebengu esithembekile (kushicilelwe ngo-1787). Ngaleso sikhathi, UJovellanos wakhiqiza izingcezu eziphawuleka ze-neoclassical, phakathi kwazo UJovino kubangani bakhe eSalamanca y Kubangani bakho abaseSeville. Esokuqala sasingesomuntu onesimilo, esesibili kwakuwuchuku lokuzwela.

Enhlokodolobha

UJovellanos wafika Madrid e 1778. Ngenkathi elapho, wangena njengelungu leChamber of Mayors of the House and Court. Eminyakeni elandelayo wangeniswa eRoyal Academy of History (1779), eRoyal Academy yaseSan Fernando (1780) naseRoyal Spanish Academy (1781). Ngesikhathi sokuqala kweminyaka yama-1780 wayebuye abe yilungu loMkhandlu Wezempi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ongqondongqondo waseGijon wayengomunye wabagqugquzeli beBanco de San Carlos (1782) kanye neSociedad Económica Matritense (1784). Phakathi kwemibhalo yakhe efanelekile ezindabeni zokuhweba zangaleso sikhathi Bika ngomthetho wezolimo. Lapho, uvikela ukukhululwa komhlaba futhi unxusa ushintsho olukhulu kwezolimo lwaseSpain.

Ukuphela kwemibono ebonisiwe

I-French Revolution ikhombe ukuphela kwemibono yokukhanyiselwa kanye nokusuka kukaJovellanos eNkantolo. Ngalesi sizathu, umbhali wabuyela ezweni lakhe, lapho abhala khona i- Khombisa umbiko yeRoyal Academy Yomlando. Kusukela ngo-1790, wahambela e-Asturias, eCantabria naseBasque Country ukuze afunde isimo sezimayini zamalahle. Isiphetho sakhe bekukuhle ukukhulisa umkhiqizo.

Kamuva, ngaphansi kukahulumeni wobumbano lukaManuel Godoy neFrance yezinguquko, uJovellanos wavuma ukuba nguNgqongqoshe Wezomusa Nobulungiswa. Yize wayesehhovisi isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka (1797), washiya uphawu ngenxa yezinhloso zakhe zokuguqula izinto. Ngokufanayo, wayephikisana ngokuqinile nokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki kanye nezici zeSonto.

Ukudingiswa

Ngemuva kokuhlala isikhashana eGijón njengeKhansela Lombuso, ngo-1800 uGodoy wayala ukuthi aboshwe futhi axoshwe eMallorca. Isizathu: UJovellanos wabekwa icala lokwethula eSpain ikhophi yencwadi enqatshelwe, Isivumelwano senhlalo, of Rousseau. Ngokwengeziwe, umbhali wase-Asturian wathinteka kakhulu ngomkhuba okhulayo wenkambiso elwa nokukhanyiselwa ngaleso sikhathi.

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Isivumelwano sokufundisa esisebenzisekayo

Esiqhingini saseMedithera wachaza kabanzi Imemori ngemfundo yomphakathi (1802). Ngendlela efanayo, ngenkathi evalelwe eBellver Castle, wabhala Izinkumbulo zomlando mayelana nenqaba yaseBellver (kushicilelwe ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu) kanye Umqondo ophathekayo wokufundisa (1802). Ekugcineni, wakhululwa eminyakeni emithathu ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, okwenzeka ngoNovemba 27, 1811. Wayeneminyaka engama-67 ubudala.

Ifa

UJovellanos wayengumbhali wenqwaba yezinqumo zokwahlulela, ukusola kanye nemibiko yezomthetho loMkhandlu Ophakeme waseCastile. Ngokufanayo, ikhwalithi yayo enezici eziningi iyabonakala lapho kuhlaziywa ububanzi bayo bolwazi ezindaweni ezinjengezomnotho, ezomlando, ezemfundo, ezokuma kwezwe nobuciko. Akumangalisi ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe obhaliwe uhlanganisa izincwadi ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakhombisa intshisekelo ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-ethology yamaqembu abantu. Yebo, umbono wombhali weGijon wayehlale uhlukaniswa ngendlela ephelele esifundeni ngasinye noma into efundwayo, ebiyelwe ngendlela efanelekile. Ngalesi sizathu, uJovellanos uthathwa njengomanduleli wezindlela eziningana zesayensi ezakhiwe ngekhulu le-XNUMX.

Imisebenzi yakhe eyaziwa kakhulu

Indawo yaseshashalazini

• Pelayo / Munuza, usizi (1769).
• Isigebengu esithembekile (1774).

Ukuqanjwa kwezinkondlo nezothando

• Ukudunyiswa komngcwabo weMarquis de los Llanos de Alguazas (1780).
• Ekudumiseni uCarlos III (1788).

Idayari Nezinkumbulo

• I-Diario (1790 - 1801).
• Izinkumbulo zomndeni (1790-1810).
• Iphephabhuku lezokuvakasha elisuka eBellver (Mallorca) liye eJadraque (Guadalajara). Buya ekudingisweni (1808).

imfundo

• Bika kwiProtomedicato ngesimo seSeville Medical Society kanye nocwaningo lweMedicine eYunivesithi yayo (1777).
• Umthethonqubo wohulumeni wezomnotho, wezikhungo nowezincwadi zeKolishi le-Immaculate Conception yaseSalamanca, ngokusho kohlelo olusha olwamukelwe yiNgangezwe lakhe ngokubonisana neRoyal Council of Orders (1790).
• Izinkumbulo Zokufundisa. (1790-1809).
• I-Odinensi yeRoyal Asturian Institute (1793).
• Umkhuleko ngesidingo sokuhlanganisa ukutadisha imibhalo nalokho kwesayensi (1797).
• Hlela ukuhlela izifundo zeNyuvesi (1798).
• Uhlelo lwezemfundo lwamakilasi abahloniphekile nabacebile (1798).
• Imemori ngemfundo yomphakathi noma isifundo esisebenzisekayo sokufundisa ngokufaka isicelo ezikoleni nasemakolishi ezingane (1802).
• Izisekelo zokwakhiwa kohlelo olujwayelekile lokuFundiswa Komphakathi (1809).

Umnotho

• Izimbangela zokwehla kweMiphakathi Yezomnotho (1786).
• Bika kufayela lomthetho wezolimo (1794).
• Bika ngokukhishwa kukawoyela emibusweni yamanye amazwe. (1774).
• Bika ngokuthuthukiswa kolwandle lomthengisi (1784).
• Bika ngokufaka indlela entsha yokuphotha usilika (1789).

arte

• Uhlelo olujwayelekile lokuthuthukisa luphakanyiswe eMkhandlwini Wedolobha laseGijon (1782).
• Bika kwiGeneral Board of Commerce and Currency ekusebenziseni kwamahhala kobuciko (1785).
• Inkumbulo yaseBellver castle, incazelo yomlando nobuciko (1805).

Ezombusazwe

• Isethulo sokuqala kuCarlos IV (1801).
• Ukumelwa kwesibili kuCarlos IV (1802).
• Ukumelwa kukaFernando VII (1808).
• Imemori yokuvikela iBhodi Elikhulu (1811).