Izithombe: Autorde
Kubhekwe njengokukodwa kwe- ababhali abakhulu bomlando futhi ikakhulukazi leyoya iVictorian England ayibamba ngobuciko obukhulu emisebenzini yakhe, uCharles Dickens uyaqhubeka nokuba ngumbhali onethonya ezizukulwaneni eziqhubeka nokubona kumakhi we-Oliver Twist umdwebi wezithombe ophelele wesikhathi nendawo. Sizicwilisa ku i-biography nezincwadi ezihamba phambili zikaCharles Dickens ukuze uhlole wonke ama-nuances ayo.
UCharles Dickens Biography: Elinye iLondon
Isithombe: I-US National Archives
Wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 7, 1812, eLandport, indawo yedolobha laseNgilandi iPortmouth, uCharles Dickens wayeyindodana kaJohn Dickens, owayengumabhalane echwebeni, no-Elizabeth Barrow, umama wekhaya. Ingane ubuntwana bakhe babuphawuleka ngokweqisa ngokwezezimali kukayise, ukungabi bikho kwemfundo kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-9 noma emibili yokunyakaza, eyodwa iya eKent enye eCamdem Town, ngaleso sikhathi enye yezindawo ezazimpofu kakhulu eLondon.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-12 ubudala, ubaba wakhe wayevalelwe ejele ngenxa yokuthola izikweletu eziningi, avumela umndeni wakhe ukuba uhlanganyele isitokisi nesiboshwa, yize uDickens athunyelwa ekhaya elikhulisa izingane futhi waphoqeleka ukuba aqale ukusebenza efemini yezicathulo ezipholisha. , umsebenzi akhokhela ngawo indawo yokuhlala nokusiza umndeni wakhe. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izincwadi zaba ngumngane wakhe omkhulu, ushwabadela amanoveli we-picaresque futhi usebenza njengoDon Quixote de la Mancha, umdlalo wokuzilibazisa owanezela empilweni yakhe edabukisayo wavumela uDickens ukuthi aguqule umsebenzi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo ube yi-kaleidoscope ephelele yobuntwana obedume kabi ebuphofini baseLondon, isimo asigxeka kaningi.
Ngo-1827, eneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, waqala ukusebenza njenge-stenographer yasenkantolo kwathi ngemuva konyaka waba yintatheli yeDoctor's Commons kanye nomlobi wezindaba ze-True Sun. Ekugcineni, umsebenzi wakhe njengentatheli yezepolitiki ye-Morning Chronicle yamvumela shicilela incwadi yakho yezincwadi zezepolitiki, ingwegwe yokuqala yezilaleli ezazizodla izincwadi zakhe ngonya eminyakeni eyalandela.
Ngo-1836 washada noCatherine Thompson Hogarth, owayenezingane eziyishumi, azama ukugxilisa ubuKrestu ngezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganisa nencwadi elula yolimi ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Life of Our Lord. Ukuzibandakanya kwakhe njengomhleli emaphephandabeni amaningi kwamvumela ukuthi ashicilele Oliver Twist, eyashicilelwa kancane kancane izinyanga ezimbili ngo-1837. Ubuhlakani bukaDickens ekwenzeni i-serial kwaba ngenxa yesifiso sakhe sokuletha izincwadi zakhe kubantu abaningi, njengaye lapho esemncane, babengenayo imali yokuthenga izincwadi eziphelele.
Ngale ndlela, uDickens waqala ukukhula njengombhali, ethola izakhiwo futhi ezama ukukhulisa amagama akhe emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi e-United States, lapho incwadi yakhe ethi Notes from America, iphikisana nobugqila obabubusa ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic , kwamholela ekugxekeni okuhlukahlukene. Ekugcineni, kusebenza njenge UCarol Christmas (1843) noma uDavid Copperfield (1850), bagcina ngokumngcwelisa yize kwaholela enhlekeleleni eyaphawulwa ngumholo wokuhlela owawunganele. Yile ndlela uCharles Dickens aqeda ngayo ukuhamba eYurophu nokuhlangana nabanye ababhali ngaphambi kokuba abe omunye wabantu eLondon abahlukahlukene kakhulu ngokuhlela izingqungquthela ezahlukahlukene, ukusungula iphephandaba lakho noma inkampani yaseshashalazini.
Ukuphela kweminyaka yama-1850 kwaletha uDickens umunyu omningi njengokujabula: ngokufana nokwakhiwa kwe Umlando wemizi emibili, omunye wemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu, wahlukanisa nomkakhe uCatherine. Isimo okungenani esiphikisanayo sinikezwe ubandlululo oluningi olwalukhona ngokulwa nesehlukaniso eVictorian London.
Phakathi neminyaka eyalandela, uDickens wehlelwa yingozi yesitimela eyayizophawula isigaba sokugcina sempilo yakhe, yize aqhubeka nokusebenza ngokungakhathali kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe, ngoJuni 9, 1870, ngenxa yesifo sohlangothi.
Impilo engamakwa hhayi kuphela ngezincwadi, kodwa ngomsebenzi womphakathi kuwo wonke amazinga ahlonipha umbhali osephenduke uphawu lwenkathi ethile.
Izincwadi ezihamba phambili zikaCharles Dickens
Oliver Twist
Uguqulwe waba ngumsebenzi ongaphelelwa yisikhathi unikezwe ukungalingani okukhona emhlabeni kanye nesimo salo njengendwangu ephelele yokulahla izenzo zonya ezahlukahlukene ezibandakanya izingane ezingenacala, Oliver Twist kungenye yezindaba ezinhle zeDickens. Ishicilelwe ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene ku- I-1837, kuyinoveli yokuqala ukufaka ingane njenge-protagonist, u-Oliver eyisithonjana sesizukulwane, ingane empofu futhi eyintandane esetshenziswa yizigebengu zedolobha ukwenza ubugebengu obuhlukahlukene. Isimo esaziwa nguDickens mathupha lapho evela kuleso sordid kanye ne-picaresque London asibamba ngokubhuqa okuthile kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe.
UKhisimusi Tale
Ishicilelwe ngo-1843, UKhisimusi Tale uthatha ubufakazi besikhathi lapho iNgilandi inqotshwa khona ukuvuselelwa kwamasiko amadala kaKhisimusi kukhuthazwe yizincwadi noma izitayela ezivela enkantolo yase-Victoria. Yile ndlela lo msebenzi owaba ngayo impahla kaDickens yokuhlola ukuziphatha kwabantu esikhathini esinjalo, ikakhulukazi esikaMnu. Scrooge, ikhehla elinenkani okufanele linqotshwe izipoki zikaKhisimusi walo ohlukahlukene ukuze lincibilikise inhliziyo yeqhwa. Njengeminye yemisebenzi yakhe, A Christmas Carol ishintshelwe indawo yeshashalazi nefilimu ezikhathini eziningi.
UDavid Copperfield
Mhlawumbe umsebenzi onezimpawu zokuphila eziningi kakhulu, UDavid Copperfield wayehlala njalo eyindodana kaDickens "ayithandayo." I-protagonist, eyakhuliswa ngubaba omncane omubi nomama ozithobayo, imele impilo yombhali, uthando lwakhe, abangane, ukuphoxeka noma impumelelo elandelwe kusukela ekuzalweni kwakhe kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, enye ye- imisebenzi enethonya elikhulu zombhali owashicilelwa ngo-1850 ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene.
Umlando wemizi emibili
Inoveli yesibili ethengiswa kakhulu emlandweni ngemuva kukaDon Quixote de la Mancha yafika ngo-1859 yaba yimagna kaDickens. Ukuhlaziywa kwesikhathi ngokusebenzisa i-prism yamadolobha amabili: iLondon enokuthula nokuzola kanye neParis lapho ukuhlafuna nokudelela kwabantu abangenelisekile ngesimo sabo kuhlafunwa khona. Yayinjalo impumelelo yenoveli, yokuthi ngemuva kokusakazwa kokuqala kwamakhophi ayizinkulungwane eziyi-12 kwaqhubeka kwaba nezinkulungwane eziyi-100 masonto onke.
Ungathanda ukufunda Umlando wemizi emibili?
Amathemba amakhulu
Ikhulelwe kakhulu ngaphansi kwephethini efanayo noDavid Copperfield, Great Expectations is a inoveli yokufunda ukuthi ingadonsa kusuka kuzinkomba ezahlukahlukene ngempilo yombhali. Iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili, le noveli ilandisa ngoguquko lukaPhillip Pirrip, umkhandi wensimbi ofuna ukuba yinkosi yezicukuthwane zamaNgisi naphezu kwezipoki eziningi zakudala azobhekana nazo. Inoveli yayingu eshicilelwe ezindabeni ezahlukahlukene phakathi kuka-1960 no-1961 eba yimpumelelo.
Ufundile Amathemba amakhulu?
Ngokucabanga kwakho, yiziphi izincwadi ezinhle kakhulu zikaCharles Dickens?