I-Blas de Otero

UBlas de Otero (1916-1979) wayeyimbongi yaseSpain umsebenzi wakhe obizwa ngokuthi ngesinye sezimpawu zokuzibophezela kwezincwadi zangemva kwempi. Ngokulinganayo, umbhali waseBilbao uthathwa njengomunye wabaveleli abakhulu balokho okubizwa "ngokudingiswa kwangaphakathi”Kwavela ngaphakathi kweSpain phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX.

Kuyinkulumo esondelene nomculo oqhamuka njengohlobo lokumelana nesimo senhlalo nezombusazwe esasikhona ngesikhathi sombuso kaFranco. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ithonya lika-Otero kwizimbongi zezikhathi zakamuva libonakele ngenxa yenkondlo enkulu kakhulu ngezinsizakusebenza zesitayela nokuzibophezela kwakhe okuqinile kwezenhlalo.

Mayelana nempilo yakhe

UBlas de Otero Muñoz wazalwa ngoMashi 15, 1916 emndenini ocebile eBilbao, eVizcaya. Izifundo zakhe zamabanga aphansi bezifundwa yizikole zamaJesuit, lapho athola khona imfundo yenkolo (lapho asuka khona ekuvuthweni kwakhe). Ngo-1927 wathuthela eMadrid kanye nomndeni wakhe, ephoqwa ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwezomnotho kwesikhathi sempi.

Enhlokodolobha yaseSpain waqeda iziqu zakhe ze-baccalaureate kwathi e-University of Valladolid wathola iziqu zakhe zomthetho. Ukukhuluma iqiniso, lo msebenzi wawenza kancane (kuphela enkampanini yaseBasque yensimbi, ngemuva kweMpi Yombango). Lapho ebuyela eMadrid wasebenza isikhathi esithile njengoprofesa waseyunivesithi, kodwa washiya umsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa ngokushesha nje lapho eqala ukuqashelwa ngezinkondlo zakhe.

Indawo yokwakha

Iningi lezifundiswa zihlukanisa indalo yombhalo kaBlas de Otero izinkathi ezine. Kulowo nalowo kubo wabonisa ukuguquguquka komuntu ngaleso sikhathi. Yize okusobala kakhulu ukuvela kwendlela yayo kusuka ku- "I" kuya ku- "us". Lokho kusho ukuthi, wasuka ezinhluphekweni zakhe waya ezinkondlweni zomphakathi (ngokuhlanganyela) noma wenza izinkondlo.

Isikhathi sokuqala

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Ingelosi enobudlova yomuntu

Ukuthambekela okubili okungaqondakali kuvela ezinkondlweni zokuqala zikaBlas de Otero. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Phakathi kosizi lwembongi, ubunzima bezomnotho kanye nokulahlekelwa yimindeni kuphawuleka kakhulu (umfowabo nobaba wakhe omdala) bahlupheka ngenkathi esemusha. Ngokufanayo, inkolo yinto ephawulwe ngaphakathi kwezimpawu nokwakheka komculo.

Ngakho-ke, kuyabonakala njengokungena kwezimbongi ezifana neSan Juan de la Cruz noFray Luis de León. Noma kunjalo, U-Otero weza wasiphika isigaba sakhe senkolo, okwathi kuso, wabeka isiqalo sendalo yakhe yezingoma Ingelosi enobudlova yomuntu (1950). Esikhundleni se Ingoma engokomoya (1942), onombhalo wakhe ukhombisa ukuxhumana okusobala phakathi komuntu wokuqala wembongi kanye no "you" waphezulu.

Izici ezifanele ku- Ingoma engokomoya

• Uthando lwaphezulu njengomthombo (oyindida) wenjabulo nokuhlupheka.
• UNkulunkulu ubonakalise ezimweni ezikhonjiwe, kepha ngaso sonke isikhathi akwazeki, aphelele futhi akatholakali. Lapho ukholo ukuphela kwendlela evumela ukufisa insindiso.
• Ukubonakaliswa kwe- "I" olahlekile, ongenakuzisiza ngaphambi kwesono, okukhombisa ukungapheleli komuntu.
• Ukufa njengesiqinisekiso esingachazeki sokuhlangana noNkulunkulu, ngakho-ke, injongo yempilo ivinjelwe ekulangazelelekeni ukuzwa ubukhona beNkosi.

Isigaba sesibili

Ingelosi enobudlova yomuntu, Ukugingqika kukanembeza (1950) futhi Isikhonkwane (1958), yiziqu ezimele zesikhathi esiphila e-Otero. Kuzo, imbongi igxile kakhulu ezingxabanweni zayo kanye nosizi oludalwe usizi lwesintu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona "ukuphoxeka" okuthile esikhundleni sikaNkulunkulu "ocabangayo" ngesihluku esenziwe ngabantu.

Noma kulesi sigaba kunezisusa ngazinye, ukukhathazeka ngemvelo yabo kanye neqembu liqala ukuphikelela. Ngenxa yalokho, ubukhona buka-Otero ngokusobala buyiphuzu ngemithetho yakhe yakudala yenkolo kanye neFrancoism. Eqinisweni, ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, izindlela zakhe zokuthola izikhundla zemibono yangakwesokunxele azingabazeki.

Izakhiwo zobukhona obukhona u-Otero axhumana nabo

• Umuntu ulinganiselwe, uqukethwe emzimbeni oshabekayo futhi angakuguqula ukuba khona kwakhe ngezinqumo zakhe.
• Akukho ukunqunyelwa kusengaphambili, akukho miphefumulo, akukho nkulunkulu onquma indlela yabantu.
• Umuntu ngamunye unesibopho sezenzo zakhe kanye nenkululeko yakhe.
• Le ndoda iyazi ngenhlekelele yayo.

Isigaba sesithathu

Ubhekene nezinxushunxushu nokungaqiniseki okugcwele esintwini, Impendulo yembongi ukwamukela isimo sozwelo, ukukhathalela nokuxhasa labo abahlukunyezwe yinhlekelele. Ngale ndlela kwavela izinkondlo zika-Otero, lapho indlela eya “kithina” ilimaza izidingo zomuntu ngamunye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulesi sigaba, uNkulunkulu uneqhaza njengesibukeli “esesabekayo” ngoba ushiye abantu bengenakuzisiza. Ngaphandle kwendima yethemba le-neuralgic emibhalweni yalo mjikelezo, asikho isixazululo esivela ezulwini. Kodwa-ke, izifiso ezinkulu kakhulu ukuthula, inkululeko kanye nokulangazelela ikusasa elingcono. Phakathi kwemisebenzi emele kakhulu kulesi sigaba, okulandelayo kugqama:

• Ngicela ukuthula nezwi (1955).
• NgeSpanishi (1959).
• Kuthiwani ngeSpain (1964).

Isitayela kanye nezinhloso zezinkondlo ezisusiwe

• Ukuzwela abanye abantu njengendlela ekhethekile yokunqoba umphakathi nezinkinga ezikhona.
• Ukukhungatheka kothando.
• Ubudlova obusobala, idrama, nezinguquko ezenzeka ngamabomu phakathi kwemigqa
• Ubuningi bomqondo, ukunemba kwesichazamazwi, amathoni ayindida nesigqi esisikiwe.

Isigaba sesine

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Izindaba zomgunyathi nezeqiniso

Ukuvezwa okuphezulu kwezinkondlo zika-Otero kwezenhlalo nokuzibophezela kwenzeka ngemuva kokuhambela kwembongi emazweni e-eksisi yamakhomanisi: i-USSR, iChina neCuba. Ezinye izazi zibheka lesi sigaba kanye nezinkondlo ezisusiwe njengesinye. Kunoma ikuphi, ngalesi sikhathi izinkathi ezintathu zezinkondlo ezisetshenziswe ngumlobi waseSpain ziphawuleka kakhulu:

• Umlando owedlule.
• Okwenzeka ngokomlando.
• Ikusasa le-Utopian.

Isebenza njenge Ngenkathi Izindaba zomgunyathi nezeqiniso (Kokubili kusuka ngo-1970) kukhombisa ukuthi imbongi isebenziseka ngezinga elingakanani kulo mjikelezo. Usebenzisa amavesi wamahhala, amavesi noma okhululekile, ngokushintshanayo, ezinkondlweni ezingalandeli iphethini yobude obungaguquguquki. Lesi sigaba saziwa nangokuthi “isigaba sokugcina”; njengoba kwakuyizincwadi zokugcina ze-Otero ngaphambi kokufa ngoJuni 29, 1979.

Poems by Blas de Otero

Ngithi phila

Ngoba ukuphila sekubomvu kakhulu.
(Njalo igazi, oh Nkulunkulu, lalibomvu.)
Ngithi phila, phila ungelutho
kufanele kuhlale kulokho engikubhalayo.

Ngoba ukubhala kungumoya obalekayo,
bese ushicilela, ikholomu ikhona.
Ngithi phila, phila ngesandla, uthukuthele-
ingqondo iyafa, icaphune kususa.

Ngiyabuya ngiphile ngokufa kwami ​​ehlombe,
okunengekayo konke engikubhalile: imfucumfucu
yendoda engangiyiyo ngenkathi ngithule.

Manje sengibuyela empilweni yami, ngizungeze umsebenzi wami
okungafi kakhulu: lelo qembu elinesibindi
lokuphila nokufa. Konke okunye akufuni.

Kwabaningi kakhulu

Nakhu onengoma nasemphefumulweni, indoda
owayethanda, ephila, wafela ngaphakathi
futhi ngolunye usuku oluhle wehlela emgwaqweni: lapho-ke
waqonda: futhi wawaphula wonke amavesi akhe.

Kunjalo, bekunjalo. Siphume ngobusuku obubodwa
ekhihliza amagwebu, edakiwe
wothando, ebaleka engazi ukuthi ukuphi:
Lapho umoya unganuki ukufa

Amatende okuthula, amadokodo akhanyayo,
kwakuyizingalo zakhe, njengoba ebiza umoya;
amagagasi egazi ngokumelene nesifuba, amakhulu
amagagasi enzondo, niyabo, wonke umzimba.

Lapha! Fika! Hawu! Izingelosi ezesabekayo
ngokundiza okuvundlile bawela isibhakabhaka;
izinhlanzi zensimbi ezicashile ziyazulazula
imihlane yolwandle, kusukela ethekwini kuya ethekwini.

Nginikela wonke amavesi ami endodeni
ngokuthula. Nakhu, enyameni,
ifa lami lokugcina. Bilbao, ishumi nanye
Ephreli amashumi amahlanu nanye.