UJosé Ortega y Gasset

UJosé Ortega y Gasset ungomunye wezazi zefilosofi ezedlula zonke kusukela kusimanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubhekwa njengezwi elinethonya elikhulu labakhuluma iSpanish ngekhulu lama-XNUMX futhi mhlawumbe "ngumcabangi" obaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseSpain. Ngoba okuthunyelwe kwayo kuhlala kukuzonke izindawo ngezinga elithile ngaphakathi kwemigqa yomcabango wamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye.

Enye yezinto ezaziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukuletha ukufunda kwefilosofi eduze "nomphakathi ojwayelekile". Kude namafomu ahlanganisiwe, imibhalo yakhe inokushelela kokufunda okuvumela noma yimuphi umfundi ukuthi angene ngaphandle kwenkinga ezweni lemibono. Ngakho-ke, kuyisitayela esiqhathaniswa nezifundiswa eziningi ezinokulinganisela phakathi kobuhle nokulula okutholwe nguMiguel de Cervantes.

I-Biography

UJosé Ortega y Gasset wazalelwa eMadrid ngoMeyi 9, 1883, waba ngumndeni ohloniphekile futhi ocebile. Ingxenye enhle yobuntwana bakhe wayichitha eMalaga, e-Andalusia. ECosta del Sol wafunda amabanga aphansi nasesekondari. Kamuva, iYunivesithi yaseDeusto, eBilbao, kanye neCentral University yaseMadrid, baba izindlu zabo zokufunda.

UJosé osemncane wayengumfundi onekhono kakhulu, kwaze kwaba sezingeni lokuthi Lapho eneminyaka engama-21 kuphela, wayesethole i-Ph.D. KwiFilosofi. Ithisisi yakho ye-PhD, Izinsongo zonyaka eziyinkulungwane, kwakuwukuhlaziywa kwenganekwane echazwe ngendlela ephakeme kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, izazi ze-Ortega zivame ukukhomba lo msebenzi njengowokuqala wemisebenzi yakhe.

Ixhumeke njalo kubuntatheli

Ngokuvamile, umndeni kaJosé Ortega y Gasset uhlale uxhunyaniswe ngokuqinile nobuntatheli nezepolitiki. Kube "yifa" eliqale nguyisemkhulu ozala uyise, u-Eduardo Gasset no-Artime, umsunguli waleli phephandaba Ukungakhethi. Kamuva, le ndlela yayiphathwa nguyise, uJosé Ortega Munilla. Umlando waleli phephandaba awumncane ngaphakathi kobuntatheli baseSpain.

Ngokukhululekile, Ukungakhethi Kwakungenye yezinkampani zokuqala ezizimele ukungena "ebhizinisini lolwazi." Lokhu kwakuyinto entsha ngaphakathi emkhakheni owake wagodlwa amaqembu ezepolitiki. Ngokulinganayo, “isiko lomndeni” laqhubeka nomunye wamadodana ka-Ortega y Gasset, uJosé Ortega Spottoro, umsunguli El País.

Impilo yezemfundo

Phakathi kuka-1905 no-1910, uJosé Ortega y Gasset wahambela eJalimane ukuze aqhubeke nokuqeqeshwa kwakhe; ngaleyo ndlela wathola ithonya elinamandla lomcabango we-neo-Kantian. Lapho ebuyela eSpain, waqala ukufundisa amakilasi e-psychology, logic kanye nokuziphatha e-Escuela Superior del Magisterio eMadrid. Ubuye futhi wabuyela e-alma mater yakhe eMadrid, kulokhu waba ngusihlalo we-metaphysics.

Ngokuhambisana nemisebenzi yakhe yokufundisa - ngenkathi evuthisa imisebenzi ezovela kungekudala lapho eqala ukumiswa - uthathe imithwalo yemfanelo yobuntatheli enkulu kakhulu. Empeleni, ngo-1915 wathatha isiqondiso sesonto ngalinye España. Le ncwadi ikhombise ukuma okucacile kwe-Allied ngesikhathi seMpi Enkulu.

Funa udumo

Ngaleso sikhathi wayebuye abe negalelo ephephandabeni laseMadrid Ilanga. Kwakunjalo lapho lapho imisebenzi yakhe emibili emele kakhulu izodlala indima yokuqala ku-serial: I-Invertebrate Spain y Ukuhlubuka kobuningi. Eyokugcina (eyashicilelwa njengencwadi ngo-1929), Kube yimpumelelo enkulu kukhathalogi kaJosé Ortega y Gasset ngokusabalalisa nokusabalalisa.

Ungathenga incwadi lapha:Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.

Ukuhlubuka kobuningi Ihunyushelwe ezilimini ezingaphezu kwama-20 futhi ithathwa njengomsebenzi obalulekile ngaphakathi kwe-anthropology nefilosofi yangaleso sikhathi. Ngoba kule ndatshana umbhali uzodlulisela esintwini omunye wemiqondo okuxoxwe ngayo kakhulu ngekhulu leminyaka elidlule: leyo ka "man - mass". Omunye umsebenzi oyizimpawu wawungu- Indoda nabantu.

Impilo yezepolitiki

Lapho umbuso wobushiqela kaPrimo de Rivera usuphelile futhi ngemuva kokufakwa kweRiphabhulikhi Yesibili, uJosé Ortega y Gasset waqala umsebenzi omfushane kodwa ogqamile wezepolitiki. Ngo-1931 wakhethwa njengesekela ePhalamende laseRiphabhulikhi lesiFundazwe saseLeón.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, ngenhloso yokubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kabusha kwesizwe, U-Ortega y Gasset, kanye neqembu elikhulu lezifundiswa, basungula iQembu e-Service of the Republic. Kwakuyiqembu lezepolitiki (yize benqaba ukusebenzisa lo mehluko) lisekelwa yimibono ye-republican kanye nenqubekela phambili.

Impi yombango nokudingiswa

Iminyaka elandelayo yayidumaza u-Ortega y Gasset ngenxa yokuqondiswa kwezingxoxo ngohlaka olusha lwezomthetho lweSpain. Ubuye wagcina ephatheke kabi ngabaphathi bakahulumeni abafanayo. Ngokulandelana, wabikezela ukufakwa kwephrojekthi yonke ngenxa yezimangalo eziningi zabaningi. Ngokufanayo, wagxeka ithonya elikhulu (namanje) elinikezwe abefundisi.

Ekugcineni, izibikezelo zakhe zathola amandla emthunzini weMpi Yombango. Ngeqhawe wakwazi ukushiya izwe njengoba nodlame olwaluphakathi kwezinhlangothi ezaziphikisana lwafinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu. Eminyakeni eyishumi elandelayo wayephakathi kweFrance, iNetherlands ne-Argentina, waze wakwazi ukuhlala eLisbon. Ukusuka ePortugal ukwazile ukubuyela eSpain, uFranco esevele emiswe kahle emandleni.

Uvumelaniswe kabusha nesonto?

UJosé Ortega y Gasset ushone ngo-Okthoba 18, 1955. Ngemuva nje kwalokho, Ezinye izibalo eziseduze kwakhe zazithi isazi sefilosofi sase sisondele eSontweni LamaKatolika ngasekupheleni kwempilo yaso. Kepha izihlobo zakhe ziziphikise ngokuqinile lezi zinguqulo ...

Ifilosofi ka-Ortega y Gasset

Ifilosofi ibika u-Ortega y Gasset — ngokuhlukahluka ezigabeni ezahlukene zempilo yakhe - zingafingqwa ngaphansi kwesambulela esisodwa: leso sembono. Ngamagama avamile, lo mqondo uthi awekho amaqiniso angunaphakade futhi angenakunyakaziswa, kepha kunalokho kunqwabelana kwamaqiniso ahlukile ngamanye.

"Amaqiniso" ka-Ortega y Gasset

Ukucabanga ukuthi umuntu ngamunye ungumnikazi wamaqiniso abo, okulungiswa ngokungenakugwenywa yizimo ngazinye. Ngale ndlela, esinye sezisho zakhe ezidume kakhulu savela: "Yimina nezimo zami, futhi uma ngingamsindisi, ngeke ngizisindise." (Ukuzindla kukaDon Quixote, 1914).

Ungathenga incwadi lapha: Umuntu nabantu

Ngokunjalo, uphakamise ikhefu ngemibono edume kakhulu kaDescartian, "Ngiyacabanga, ngakho-ke ngiyikho." Ngokuphambene nalokho, uJosé Ortega y Gasset ubeka impilo njengengqikithi yakho konke. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kobukhona besidalwa esiphilayo, ukukhiqizwa komcabango akunakwenzeka.

Isizathu esibalulekile

Lo mqondo ucabanga ukuthi "ukuziphendukela kwemvelo" kwencazelo yezizathu ngendlela yayo emsulwa, kukhuthazwe ngeNkathi Yesimanje. Ngaleso sikhathi, isitatimende esamukelekayo sinciphise ukuthola ulwazi kuphela ngesayensi yemvelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ku-Ortega y Gasset isayensi yomuntu inokuhambisana okufanayo nokwamanye amasayensi.