I-Lazarillo de Tormes ingenye yezincwadi ezithunyelwa kakhulu njengempoqo yokufunda ezikoleni nasezikhungweni. Kodwa-ke, ngezinye izikhathi, lapho izingane zidinga ukusizwa, sidinga isifinyezo esivela kuLazarillo de Tormes ukuze sisisize sichazele izingane ezincane konke okufihliwe yile noveli.
Ingabe uyafuna ukuba nesifinyezo se-Lazarillo de Tormes? Uyafuna ukwazi konke okufihlwa yile ndaba? Hhayi-ke sizokutshela.
Ubani owabhala uLazarillo de Tormes?
Ngempela Akwaziwa ukuthi ngubani owabhala uLazarillo de Tormes. Akwaziwa noma bekhona abacwaningi nosomlando abaningi abanikeze ababhali abehlukene ubuqambi.
Omunye wabadala kwakungumfundisi uJuan de Ortega, owanyatheliswa umfundisi uJosé de Sigüenza. Nokho, kunamagama amaningi afana no-Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, uJuan noma u-Alfonso de Valdés, u-Sebastián de Horozco, u-Lope de Rueda, u-Pedro de Rúa, u-Hernán Núñez, u-Commander wamaGreki, u-Francisco Cervantes de Salazar, u-Juan Arce de Otálora, u-Juan Maldonado, Alejo Venegas, Bartolomé Torres Naharro, Francisco de Enzinas, Fernando de Rojas noma Juan Luis Vives.
Naphezu kwawo wonke lawa magama, akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile futhi abacwaningi ngokwabo abavumelani ngokuthi ubani umbhali wangempela, ngakho-ke kuhlala kungaziwa.
Imayelana nani
I-Lazarillo de Tormes Ikhuluma ngezigigaba, kusukela ebuntwaneni bakhe, ngo-Lázaro, umfana ononya ozama ukuphila ngokusemandleni akhe.
Enye yama-synopses esingayithola ezincwadini eziningi (njengoba kunokuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene), iyasitshela:
«ULázaro, indodana yesela kanye ne-acemilero, uyintandane eSalamanca. Uzobe esenkonzweni yamakhosi ahlukene (impumputhe, i-hidalgo engasebenzi, umfundisi ohahayo, i-Merced friar, i-phony buldero, njll.), futhi uzosebenzisa ukuhweba okuhlukahlukene, okuvumela umlandisi ukuba enze ihlaya izindawo ezahlukene zomphakathi wangaleso sikhathi futhi uzindla ngokubhuqa ngendaba yokuhlonipha".
Ucezu lwencwadi kakade lusenza sibone ukuthi, nakuba esebenzisa ulimi olunamasiko amaningi, kuqondakala kahle futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuthi i-picaresque umfana anayo iyaqondakala:
"Hhayi-ke, yazisa i-VM yakho (Isihe Sakho) ngaphambi kwazo zonke izinto ukuthi bangibiza ngoLázaro de Tormes, indodana kaTomé González kanye no-Antona Pérez, abomdabu baseTejares, idolobhana laseSalamanca. Ukuzalwa kwami kwakungaphakathi komfula iTormes, yingakho ngathatha isiteketiso, futhi kwaba ngale ndlela.
Ubaba, sengathi uNkulunkulu angithethelele, wayephethe umshini wokugaya i-aceña, osebeni lwalowomfula, lapho ayengumgayi khona iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi nanhlanu; kwathi lapho umama ngobunye ubusuku esesigayweni samanzi, engikhulelwe, wabeletha futhi wangibelethela khona: ngendlela engingasho ngayo ukuthi ngazalelwa emfuleni. Hhayi-ke, lapho ngineminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ubudala, basola ubaba ngokuphuma kwegazi okungalungile emasakeni alabo abafika lapho bezogaya, owaboshwa, wavuma futhi akazange aphike futhi wabhekana nokushushiswa ngenxa yobulungisa. . Ngithemba kuNkulunkulu oseNkazimulweni, ngoba iVangeli libabiza ngokuthi babusisiwe. Ngalesi sikhathi ibutho elithile lenziwa ngokumelene namaMoor, phakathi kwawo kwakukhona ubaba, owayedingisiwe ngaleso sikhathi ngenxa yenhlekelele eyayishiwo kakade, enesikhundla se-acemilero somnumzane owaya lapho, kanye nenkosi yakhe, njengenkosi. inceku ethembekileyo, yafa impilo yayo.”
Ubani olandisa uLazarillo de Tormes
Umthombo: TimeToast
Kufanele ukwazi lokho Indaba ixoxwa ngumlingiswa uqobo, okungukuthi, ngoLázaro noma uLazarillo, okunguye ochaza ukuphila kwakhe futhi enze kokubili njengomlandisi nanjengomlingiswa oyinhloko.
Lesi sibalo sisho ukuthi umxoxi, nakuba efuna ukuveza amaqiniso ngendlela eqondile, akaphumeleli, ngoba phela unezwi lomlingiswa oyinhloko.
I-Lazarillo de Tormes: isifinyezo esiphelele
Umthombo: Isikole
Sizoyihlukanisa indaba ibe izingxenye eziyisishiyagalolunye, eyodwa ibe yinkosi ngayinye insizwa enayo. Ngale ndlela, kuzoba lula kakhulu kuwe ukukuqonda futhi njengesifinyezo sikaLazarillo de Tormes kuzoba lula ukubona ukuvela komlingiswa.
Inkosi yokuqala: izimpumputhe
KuLazarillo de Tormes, okungenzeka ukuthi uyinkosi eyaziwa kakhulu futhi wonke umuntu ukhomba ukuthi iyimpumputhe. Kodwa empeleni kwakungeyokuqala kuphela.
Kule ngxenye yokuqala, indaba isitshela ngokukhula kukaLázaro, owazalelwa emndenini ompofu kakhulu ohlala eduze nomfula i-Tormes, yingakho isibongo anaso. Uyise uyisela futhi ngolunye usuku oluhle wafa. Unina ongumfelokazi ushada nendoda emnyama anendodana nayo.
Kodwa bampofu kakhulu unina unquma ukunikeza uLazaru endodeni engaboni ukuba yinkosi yakhe futhi imnakekele.
Inkinga ukuthi impumputhe inonya kakhulu futhi ayimniki ukudla. Ngakho-ke, ngokuhamba kweminyaka, u-Lázaro ufunda ukuba nonya, ukubaleka, umqambimanga, ubuqili kanye nobuqili ukuze aphile.
Ngemva kokuphathwa kabi uLázaro kanye nesimo esinzima, uyaziqinisa futhi ashiye leyo ndawo eduze kwenkosi yakhe eyimpumputhe ayofuna ukuphila kwakhe.
Umfundisi Wesibili: Umfundisi
ULazaru uzobe engenankosi futhi aphenduke abe yisinxibi. Kodwa, kancane kancane uba “isisebenzi” somfundisi eba umfana wase-altare emaxukwini.
ULázaro uyajabula ngoba ecabanga ukuthi isimo sakhe sizoba ngcono, kodwa uqala ukubona ukuthi ulambile kakhulu kunasenkosini yakhe yokuqala.
Ufundani kulesi simo? Ubuzenzisi nenkohlakalo ecashe ngabefundisi. Futhi kuwukuthi, ngaphandle, umfundisi uziphatha ngendlela enomusa kakhulu, enomusa... Kodwa ngaphakathi, uLázaro uhlangabezana nazo zonke izici ezimbi zalowo muntu.
Ngemva kokuthola indlela yokuphuma lapho, elimele kabi, ubalekela eToledo.
Inkosi yesithathu: i-squire
E-Toledo usinda ezinsukwini zokuqala ngezipho abamnika zona. kungaleso sikhathi uhlangana neskwiza esimnikeza umsebenzi.
ULázaro ucabanga ukuthi kungase kube inhlanhla ngoba sikhuluma ngendoda enesikhundla esihle emphakathini. Kodwa ngokushesha uyakubona lokho ukubukeka kuyakhohlisa nokuthi ingwenya, nakuba ibonakala inodumo nodumo, empeleni impofu njengoLazarillo.
Ngakho ekugcineni ugcina ngokumbalekela.
Inkosi yesine: iFraile de la Merced
I-Fraile de la Merced inconywe ku-Lázaro ngomakhelwane abaningana futhi inquma ukumnika ithuba njengengcweti. Uthanda ukuhamba ibanga elide futhi uyakholwa kakhulu. Kuye uzofunda ngokuziphatha okuxekethile kwazise akazwelani nabesifazane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthola isipho sakhe sokuqala: izicathulo.
Nokho, ULázaro uyakhathala ukuhamba kakhulu futhi unquma ukuthi akuyena owakhe. Ngakho uyayishiya.
Inkosi yesihlanu: amatshe amatshe
Ngaleso sikhathi, i- buldero yayiyisikhundla seSonto LamaKatolika ngokwalo elaliphethe ukudiliva izinkunzi ukuze bathole imali.
Ngakho, ULázaro uhlangana futhi nenkohlakalo yabefundisi, amaqhinga, izingibe… Njengoba engakuthandi lokho, uhlala izinyanga ezine kuphela kuleyo nkosi bese eyofuna omunye othembeke kakhulu.
Inkosi yesithupha: umdwebi
Umdwebi uyingcweti enganakwa abaningi ngoba akahlali isikhathi eside. Futhi ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi umdwebi uphakathi "kwemihlaba emibili" lenza u-Lázaro angafuni ukuqhubeka naye.
Umfundisi Wesikhombisa: Umfundisi
Endabeni yomfundisi, unezinkumbulo ezinhle ngaye, futhi kunjalo owokuqala aqala ukusebenza naye ufunda ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani, aphinde azitholele eyakhe imali.
Kodwa izimo asebenza kuzo zibuhlungu, nakuba ekwazi ukushintsha ukubukeka kwakhe, izingubo zakhe, njll. Iminyaka emine usebenza futhi wonga ngangokunokwenzeka, ngakho ngokushesha nje lapho eyithola, uyayeka.
UMfundisi Wesishiyagalombili: USherifu
Ngomsizi wesikhonzi senkantolo kwenzeka okufanayo kumdwebi. Akahambisani nemicabango yakhe, engemihle kakhulu futhi ehlobene nokufa kuLázaro ngokwakhe. Ngakho ekugcineni ugcina eyishiya ngesikhathi esifushane.
Inkosi yesishiyagalolunye: umpristi omkhulu waseSan Salvador
Owokugcina kubaphathi bakaLázaro umpristi omkhulu waseSan Salvador. Ngalokhu indaba kaLazarillo iyaphela kwazise umfundisi uqobo umethula entombini athandana nayo ashade nayo.
Impilo yakhe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iqala ukuzinza futhi igcwele injabulo.
Ingabe isifinyezo sikaLazarillo de Tormes sesicacile manje?