15 Izincwadi Ezingaziwa Ezibe Nempumelelo Enkulu

Umlando wezincwadi unezihloko eziningi zababhali abangaziwa okuthi ngokuhamba kweminyaka ziye zaba ezakudala zangempela, hhayi ize ukusesha "izincwadi ezingu-15 ezingaziwa ezibe yimpumelelo enkulu" kuyaqhubeka nokubanjwa.

Ngenxa yemvelaphi yezakhiwo zabo kanye nokuhlanzeka kokuthuthuka nokubhala kwazo, emazweni amaningi emhlabeni ngokuvamile zibhekwa njengezincwadi zokufunda zemfundo ephakeme nephakeme, okuvumele ukufaneleka kwazo ukuba kunganciphi futhi okuqukethwe kwazo kuqhubeke. izizukulwane ezintsha zababhali. Kamuva sizokwazi okwengeziwe ngayo.

Yazi izihloko ezingaziwa ezidume kakhulu

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenxa yeminyaka yayo, amacebo ayo, ukuhluka kwayo, imfihlakalo ezungeze indalo yayo noma imiyalezo yayo,Imibhalo ecashunwe ngezansi igqamile esilinganisweni, futhi, ngisho nanamuhla, phakathi kokuncipha kwezincwadi ezinyathelisiwe, Basaqhubeka nokutuswa ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme zokubhala.

1.  UZazarillo de Tormes

Uhlelo oludala kakhulu lwe UZazarillo de Tormes Ihlehlela emuva ku-1554. Ibhalwe ngendlela ye-epistolary, njengencwadi ende kakhulu, futhi ilandisa ngendaba kaLázaro de Tormes, umfana owakhula kabuhlungu ekhulwini le-16.. Indaba iqhubeka kuze kube yilapho umlingiswa oyinhloko ekhula, lapho eseshadile. Umbhalo uthathwa njengesandulela sohlobo lwe-picaresque ngenxa yokuba namaqiniso kwawo kanye nemibono yawo.

Ucezu lwe UZazarillo de Tormes

“Ngazalelwa eMfuleni iTormes, yingakho ngathatha isiteketiso; futhi kwaba ngalendlela: ubaba, kwangathi uNkulunkulu angamthethelela, wayephethe umshini wokugaya ososebeni lwalowo mfula, lapho ayengumgayi iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi nanhlanu; Kwathi umama esesigayweni ngobunye ubusuku, engikhulelwe, wangizala, wangizalela khona. Ngakho ngingasho ngempela ukuthi ngazalelwa emfuleni.”

2.   Saga of The Greenlanders: Saga of Eirik the Red

Lezi saga zadalwa ngekhulu le-13, futhi zixoxa indaba efanayo: iqembu lamaViking lithuthela eGreenland, eMarkland naseVinland eholwa ngu-Eirik the Red. Ibhalwe ngesiNorse Esidala, lena yimibhalo emibili ethathwa njengenkomba yokufunda ukufika kwabanqobi baseYurophu eMelika. eminyakeni eyinkulungwane ngaphambi kokuba uChristopher Columbus akwenze.

3.  Izinganekwane zomhambi waseRussia

Yabhalwa phakathi kuka-1853 no-1861, Ingenye yemibhalo edume kakhulu yobuKatolika obujwayelekile emlandweni, esetshenziswa njalo ku-hesychast umkhuba wokucabangela. Umsebenzi ulandisa, ngendlela ye-autobiographical, uhambo olungokomoya kanye nohambo olungcwele ukuze kuzuzwe ulwazi lomkhuleko wangaphakathi oqhubekayo. Isizinda siseRussia maphakathi nekhulu le-19.

4.   Popol Vuh

Futhi ubizwa Incwadi Engcwele yamaMeya o Incwadi yoMkhandlu, iyinhlanganisela yezilimi ezimbili yochungechunge lwezindaba zenganekwane zabantu baseK'iche' noma amaQuiché, esinye sezizwe ezibaluleke kakhulu nezinkulu kunazo zonke eGuatemala. Ngokufanayo, ivolumu ibhekwa njengebaluleke kakhulu ngokomoya nangokomlando, futhi kuthiwa yanyatheliswa phakathi kuka-1701 no-1703.

5.  Cula iCid yami

Yaqanjwa njengengoma yezenzo, okungukuthi, njengomsebenzi we-epic yenkathi ephakathi noma ukubonakaliswa kwemibhalo ye-epic. Ngokuqondene nesakhiwo, umsebenzi ulandisa ngokukhululekile ezinye zazo izigigaba ezifanele kakhulu zeminyaka yokugcina yeqhawe laseCastilian uRodrigo Díaz de Vivar el Campeador. Akwaziwa kahle ukuthi yashicilelwa nini, kodwa kulinganiselwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1200 AD. c.

Ucezu lwe Hlabelela eyami Cid:

"Ukuthatha uMurviedro

UMdali, uJehova osezulwini, wamsiza.

futhi ngokuthanda kwakhe uCid wakwazi ukuthatha uMurviedro.

Usebone kahle ukuthi uNkulunkulu uhlale emsiza.

“Kube nokwesaba okukhulu edolobheni laseValencia.”

6.   Ubusuku base-Arabia

Lona, mhlawumbe, omunye wemibhalo yezohwebo kakhulu kulolu hlu, nakuba uhlala uyinkimbinkimbi njengangaphambili. Kuyiqoqo lezindaba ezaqanjwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi eMpumalanga Ephakathi.. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ezinye izindaba zengezwa embhalweni, kodwa indaba yokuqala ihlala isebenza njengohlaka lwazo zonke ezinye. Izinhlobo ezifakiwe zihlanganisa ubugebengu, ezothando kanye nokuzijabulisa.

7.   Amadis of Gaula

Ingenye yezincwadi ezidume kakhulu zezincwadi zeSpanishi chivalric. Akwaziwa ukuthi ngubani umbhali wayo, kodwa, Ngokusobala, yalotshwa ngekhulu le-13 nele-14, futhi yamukelwa kabanzi eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia.. Ilandisa ngendaba yothando phakathi kweNkosi uPerion waseGaula kanye neNkosazana u-Elisena waseBrittany, owayenendodana okwavela ukuthi yashiywa unina.

8.  Ukufuna Izinhlamvu Ezingcwele

Le ncwadi ingeye-Vulgate, iqoqo lemibhalo emelela izinganekwane zama-Arthurian. Kuyo, ikhuluma ngokuthi ama-knights ayikhulu namashumi amahlanu e-Round Table ahamba kanjani esuka eCamelot futhi ayofuna i-chalice edumile. yayiswa eNgilandi yinzalo kaJosefa wase-Arimatheya, futhi yagcinwa eCorbenic Castle, nakuba munye kuphela kubo owake wayazi izimfihlo ezingcwele.

9.  UTristan no-Iseo

Ikhuluma ngezigigaba zeqhawe elingenakunqotshwa uTristan, oba iqhawe ngemva kokunqoba iqhawe elikhulu futhi wabulala udrako omkhulu. Umlingiswa oyinhloko ungumshana weNkosi uMarcus yaseCornwall, kodwa usathandana nomkakhe., Iseo, ngenxa yenhlanganisela yemilingo. Kusukela lapho, bobabili kufanele banqume ukuthi bayayihlonipha yini inkosi yabo noma baphile ngothando lwabo oluvuthayo.

10.  I-Epic kaGilgamesh

Yaziwa nangokuthi Inkondlo kaGilgamesh, Iwumlando wamavesi ase-Asiriya amadala kunawo wonke emhlabeni, aqoshwa phakathi kuka-2000 no-2500 BC. c. Lo mbhalo ukhuluma ngezigigaba zikaGilgamesh, umbusi wedolobha laseSumeriya lase-Uruk, futhi uqala ngosizi lwabakhileyo embusweni, abakhathele ukukhanuka onkulunkulu. Ivolumu ihlanganisa izinkondlo ezinhlanu ezingaziwa nezizimele zohlobo oludumile.

Ucezu lwe I-Epic kaGilgamesh

"Izinyembezi zehla ebusweni bukaGilgamesh

(ngenkathi ethi):

– (Ngizohamba) indlela

engingakaze ngihambe kukho.

(Ngizothatha uhambo)

angazi kimi.

[…] Kufanele ngijabule,

ngenhliziyo ejabulayo […].

(If I win I will make you sit on) isihlalo sobukhosi.

11.  Umdala Edda

Obeye aziwe njengo Sædmund Edda o Umdala Edda, iwumthombo obanzi kakhulu wolwazi mayelana nezinganekwane zamaqhawe zamaJalimane kanye nezinganekwane zaseScandinavia. Umbhalo wethula iqoqo lezindaba ezibhalwe ngesiNorse Esidala, okwakungokombhalo wesandla wesi-Icelandic wangenkathi ephakathi owaziwa ngokuthi ICodex Regius, eyanyatheliswa cishe ngo-1260.

12.  Ingoma ka-Roland

Kuyinkondlo eyingqophamlando yekhulu le-11. Kugqugquzelwe umholi wezempi kaFranco u-Roldán eMpini yaseRoncesvalles Pass, futhi isethwe ngonyaka ka-778, phakathi nokubusa kukaCharlemagne. Ingoma ka-Roland Ibhekwa njengomsebenzi omdala kunayo yonke olimini lwesiFulentshi, futhi izinhlelo ezimbalwa zibonisa ukuthandwa kwayo okubanzi phakathi kwekhulu le-12 nele-14.

13.  Uhambo oluya entshonalanga

Yinoveli yesiShayina okwashicilelwa kwayo cishe ngekhulu le-16. Kufanele ukuthi yabhalwa nguWu Cheng'en ngesikhathi seMing Dynasty. Waziwa njengomsebenzi wombhalo onethonya elikhulu e-East Asia, kanye nezinye zezihloko ezinkulu kakhulu ezake zabhalwa e-China. Ikhuluma ngezigigaba zendela elivakashela e-Asia Emaphakathi naseNdiya ukuyofuna imibhalo engcwele yamaBuddha.

14.  I-Venetian

Kuyinto yamahlaya engaziwa ebhalwe ngezenzo ezinhlanu ngezilimi zaseVenetian, Bergamo kanye nesiNtaliyane. Yanyatheliswa okokuqala ngekhulu le-16. Iphefumulelwe izikhathi ezingaphambi koMkhandlu waseTrent. Itulo lakhona lixoxa indaba yothando esheshayo phakathi kuka-Julio, u-Valeria no-Ángela, abakha uhlobo lwempi yomzwelo ukuze bazuze izinhliziyo zomunye nomunye.

15.  Ama-ballads amadala

Lokhu, ngaphezu kwencwadi ethile, iqoqo lemibhalo eyabhalwa futhi yashicilelwa phakathi kwekhulu le-15, le-16 nengxenye yekhulu le-17. Ngobubanzi, bazalwa njengempendulo kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-ballad yaseYurophu, futhi zakhiqizwa ngokubonakaliswa okukhulu kwezinkondlo zomdabu. Ngokuya ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwayo, ibizwa ngokuthi ama-ballads amadala kanye nama-ballads amasiko omlomo wesimanje.

Ucezu lwama-Ballads amadala

"Moricos, moricos wami,

nina eninqoba isosha lami,

Ngehlisele uBaeza,

leyo villa eyinqaba,

nabantu abadala nabantwana

mlethe ngehhashi

kanye namaMori namadoda

babulale bonke enkembeni,

kanye nalowo Pero Díaz omdala

ngibambe ngentshebe,10

manje lowo muhle Leonor

"Uzoba yisithandwa sami."

Umthelela wezincwadi ezingaziwa ezincwadini

Akunakuphikwa ukuthi kanjani isenzakalo sezincwadi ezingaziwa zezincwadi zakudala ube nesandla ekwakhiweni kwezindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu phakathi neminyaka. Icala elidumile liyayimela UMnumzane Onobuhlakani uDon Quijote waseLa Mancha, okuyinto, ngokusobala, ezimweni eziningi iziphuzo Ingoma Yami Cid.

Futhi njengoba nje indaba kaChampion yenza into yayo engqondweni kaCervantes, ekaGilgamesh nayo ibe nemiphumela emikhulu. -kwanele ukuphendukela ku-Borges ukuqonda ububanzi bayo-. Singaqhubeka ngendlela efanayo nge inkulungwane eyodwa nobusuku obunye futhi incwadi ngayinye ecashunwe lapha futhi ngeke kwenzeke ukubala izingane ohlwini lwezinhlamvu eziqanjwe ngemva kokuba abafundi abaningi abashisekayo behlangane nalezi zasendulo.

Manje le mibhalo kufanele inikeze izizukulwane ezintsha, okubalulekile ukugcina ilangabi lokufunda liphila.