IGranada, isixeko sokuqala saseSpain ukuba samkelwe njengesiXeko seNcwadi yiUNESCO.
La Unesco Ndiqale ukwakha ifayile ye- Inethiwekhi yeziXeko yokuBumba ngo-2004, apho kudweliswa khona iindidi ezininzi: Uncwadi, iCinema, uMculo, ubuGcisa noBugcisa obuDumileyo, uYilo, ubuGcisa beDijithali kunye neGastronomy.
Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha ifayile ye- Izixeko zoncwadi zinxulumene nembali yokupapasha, iinkqubo zemfundo kunye nenani lamathala eencwadi, iivenkile ezithengisa iincwadi kunye namaziko enkcubeko esixekweni. Iminyhadala yoncwadi kunye nenxaxheba yabemi. Ukusukela ngoko, kudidi loncwadi, inikezele ibhaso kwizixeko ezingama-20 kwihlabathi liphela kwaye zimbini iSpanish, I-Barcelona kunye neGranada. USegovia okwangoku ukhuphisana neBhaso.
Edinburgh (eScotland)
I-Edinburgh yayisiXeko sokuqala soNcwadi Ye-UNESCO ngo-2004. Yintoni edinburgh ekufuneka ibe sisixeko soncwadi? Ababhali ngokubaluleka kwamazwe aphesheya abanjengoWalter Scott okanye uRobert Louis Stevenson, oyena mkhulu UMnyhadala weeNcwadi weHlabathi apho kudlula ngaphezu kwababhali abangama-800 unyaka nonyaka kwaye isixeko sine ngaphezu kweevenkile zeencwadi ezingama-50.
IMelbourne (Australia)
IMelbourne yayiyeyesibini isiXeko seNcwadi seUNESCO, ngowama-2008, kwiminyaka emine kamva. Yintoni iMelbourne ekufuneka ibe sisixeko soncwadi? A uthungelwano olukhulu lwamathala eencwadi kunye neevenkile zeencwadi, Inethiwekhi enkulu yase-Australia yokupapasha kunye neminyhadala emine yoncwadi: UMnyhadala wababhali baseMelbourne, uMnyhadala weeNgoma eziNgaphezulu, iAlfred Deakin Innination Seminars kunye noMnyhadala wababhali abasakhasayo.
Iowa (USA)
Yintoni ekufuneka i-Iowa ukuba ibe sisixeko soncwadi? Yidolophu apho yafundiswa khona inkosi yokuqala yokuBhala ngokuBumba yehlabathi, ngo-1936. Ababhali bayo abangama-25 baphumelele ibhaso lePulitzer ukusukela ngo-1955. Ineminyhadala eyindumasi yoncwadi kunye nokhuphiswano kwaye inethiwekhi enkulu yeevenkile zeencwadi.
IsiDublin (Ireland)
Yintoni iDublin ekufuneka ibe sisixeko soncwadi? Ukongeza ekubeni yindawo ye Ulysses NguJames Joyce, bhiyozela i Usuku lweBlooms umnyhadala uphela ngembeko yakhe apho abantu banxiba njengabalinganiswa abasuka kwinoveli. Ngaphandle kukaJoyce, baseDubliners UOscar Wilde, uBram Stoker, uWB Yeats (uNobel Prize), uSamuel Beckett, uJonathan Swift, uBernard Shaw (uNobel Prize), uSamuel Beckett (uNobel Prize) okanye uSeamus Heaney (uNobel Prize).
IReykjavik (eIceland)
Yintoni le iReykjavik kufuneka ibe sisixeko soncwadi? I-Iceland lilizwe elisehlabathini ipapasha ezinye izihloko ngomntu ngamnye Kwaye babonisa uArnaldur Indridason, enye yeenoveli zolwaphulo-mthetho zangoku ezithengisa kakhulu.
ENorwich (UK)
Yintoni iNorwich ekufuneka ibe sisixeko soncwadi? Sisixeko sokuqala sase-UK sokubalekela ababhali aboyikayo ukusukela ngo-2007 Kwaye wayelilungu elasungula iNethiwekhi yaMazwe ngaMazwe yezixeko zokubalekela (ICORN).
UJuliana waseNorwich (1342 - 1416) ngumbhali wencwadi yokuqala yesiNgesi ebhalwe ngumfazi.
Krakow (ePoland)
Yintoni iKrakow ekufuneka ibe sisixeko soncwadi? Ngu-lIsixeko samaBhaso kaNobel awaphumelela uncwadi, NjengoWislawa Szymborska kunye noCzesław Miłosz.
Esixekweni ezinye ze indawo zokubhalela kunye neelayibrari ezidumileyo kwihlabathi. Imibhiyozo eyahlukeneyo yoncwadi enje ngeMiłosz Festival kunye neConrad Festival iyabanjwa.
UDunedin (eNew Zealand)
Kwisixeko esingaziwayo kuninzi, yintoni ekufuneka eyenzile iDunedin ukuze ibe sisixeko soncwadi? Silayibrari yakho yayiyeyokuqala kwithala leencwadi likarhulumente nelasimahla elizweni. UDunedin ulikhaya kubabhali kunye neembongi ezininzi zaseNew Zealand kunye nabazobi kunye nababhali beencwadi zabantwana. Kuzo ziingcambu zezinyanya zabantu baseKāi, abo izithethe zomlomo bebeluka iintsomi namabali ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Ikomkhulu le- IZiko leNcwadiIziko elikhethekileyo ngokwembali yoncwadi, ukuprinta kunye nophando lwamaqonga amatsha kunye neemodeli zokupapasha.
IHeildelberg, iJamani
Yintoni engalunganga ngayo IHeildelberg Ukuba sisixeko soncwadi? Apha kwazalwa eyunivesithi yokuqala eJamani, IYunivesithi yaseRuperto Carola. Ibisoloko iyindawo yokufunda kunye noncwadi kwaye ibibambe ababhali abadumileyo abanjengoGoethe, Clemens Brentano, Bettina von Arnim, no Friedrich Hölderlin. Ikwangumbala wenkulungwane yama-XNUMX yothando lwaseJamani.
IGranada (eSpain)
Ukusukela ngo-2014 iGranada ibe sisixeko soncwadi, iSpanish sokuqala ukufumana ibhaso Yintoni enayo Granada Ukuba sisixeko soncwadi? Kumbhali odumileyo UFederico García Lorca wabulawa ngexesha lolawulo lukaFranco ngesimo sakhe sobufanasini kunye nembono yakhe yasekhohlo. Isihlwele kunye neminyhadala yenkcubeko, kubandakanya nomnyhadala weGranada Noir ophuphuma yonke ikona yesixeko ngeesampuli ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko, hayi kuphela ezoncwadi, ezikhokelwa nguJesús Lens.
EPrague (eChekia)
Yintoni engalunganga ngayo Prague Ukuba sisixeko soncwadi? Ababhali abaziwayo bathanda UFranz Kafka, uMax Bod, uRainer Maria Rilke, okanye kunjalo? UMilan kundera. Iyunivesithi, kwiYunivesithi yaseCharles eyunivesithi indala kumbindi weYurophu.
Ulyanovsk (eRashiya)
Eyaziwa ngokuba sisixeko sokuzalwa kukaLenin, yintoni enayo Ulyanovsk Ukuba sisixeko soncwadi? Kuyaziwa ngokuba sisixeko sombhali wenoveli u-Ivan Goncharov umyili u-Oblomov, intshisakalo yasebukhosini esencinci neyonqenayo eyachitha imini ebhedini. Umnyhadala wokubhala ("Vuka esofeni") ubanjelwe kwimbeko yakhe esixekweni. Kukho iivenkile zeencwadi ezingaphezu kwama-30, amathala eencwadi oluntu angama-39, i-Ulyanovsk Regional Library, ilayibrari yasimahla kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya nangaphezulu kweelayibrari zezikolo ezingaphezu kwama-200.
IBaghdad (i-Iraq)
Nangona kubonakala ngathi lukhetho olothusayo ekuqaleni, yintoni eyenzayo Ingxowa Ukuba sisixeko soncwadi? Ixesha elidlulileyo elinempembelelo enkulu yokubhala kwingingqi, njengoko iBaghdad yayinjalo lelinye lawona mathala abaluleke kakhulu manduloI-Bayt al-Hikma yasekwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ye-AD, eyayineyona ngqokelela yeencwadi inkulu embindini wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Indawo yokuzalwa yenye yeembongi ezinkulu zama-Arabhu, u-Abu Al Tayeb Al Mutanabbi (wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX).
ITartu (Estonia).
Yintoni engalunganga ngayo Tartu Ukuba sisixeko soncwadi? Sisixeko onguvulindlela ekukhuseleni inkcubeko yelizwe kunye ne-Estonia njengolwimi. Kunyaka wonke kubanjwa imithendeleko eyahlukeneyo yokubhala. Amaziko amabini akhuthaza izifundo kunye nenkcubeko yase-Estonia: iYunivesithi yaseTartu kunye ne-Estonia Literary Museum.
ILviv (iUkraine)
Yintoni engalunganga ngayo Lviv Ukuba sisixeko soncwadi? Ubuninzi beevenkile zeencwadi kunye namathala eencwadi: iivenkile zeencwadi ezingama-45, amathala eencwadi ali-174 kunye neemyuziyam ezingama-54 kunye nenani labantu abathatha inxaxheba kubomi benkcubeko besi sixeko. I-En Lvis yakhe ngowona mshini mdala wokushicilela (1586) osasebenza nangoku.
ILjubljana (iSlovenia).
Yintoni engalunganga ngayo Ljubljana Ukuba sisixeko soncwadi? Vula ILjubljana ibamba ngaphezulu kwe-10.000 yemicimbi yenkcubekoumculo, iholo yeqonga kunye nobugcisa, kubandakanya iminyhadala eli-14 yamanye amazwe. Ummi ngamnye undwendwela iThala leencwadi likaMasipala ngokomndilili kathathu ngonyaka. ILjubljana yaziwa ngenkcubeko yayo yaseyunivesithi.
I-Barcelona, isixeko saseSpain esineyona nkcubeko indala yokupapasha, ebizwa ngokuba sisiXeko soncwadi yiUNESCO.
I-Barcelona, eSpain)
Yintoni engalunganga ngayo Barcelona Ukuba sisixeko soncwadi? Imibhiyozo emine yoncwadi, kubandakanya iBarcelona Negra kunye nembali yokupapasha eyomeleleyo yamaxesha aphakathi, ibamba ikomkhulu lamaqela amakhulu opapasho elizweni. Inike ababhali abaninzi abaphambili abanjengo UManuel Montalbán, uAlicia Giménez-Barlett, umyili wepolisa lokuqala kwinoveli yolwaphulo-mthetho yaseSpain, uEduardo Mendoza, uAna María Matute, uCarlos Ruiz Zafón, uMercé Rodoreda, uIldefonso Falcones okanye uVictor del Arbol, knight yobugcisa baseFrance neeleta, phakathi kwabanye. Ineevenkile ezingaphezu kwe-122 zeencwadi kunye nothungelwano olubanzi lwamathala eencwadi oluntu. Bhiyozela minyaka le umhla we ISant Jordi, usuku apho kulisiko ukunika iincwadi kunye neentyatyambo.
Nottingham (eUK)
Yintoni iNottingham ekufuneka ibe sisixeko soncwadi? Ngaphandle kokuba ngumntwana kaRobin Hood, kubabhali abanjengoLord Byron okanye uDH Lawrence. Kwakhona iilayibrari ezili-18 kunye nevenkile ezininzi ezizimeleyo, ukongeza kumnyhadala wokubhala UMnyhadala waMagama weNottingham.
Iibidos (ePortugal)
Yintoni ekufuneka ibidos ibe sisixeko soncwadi? Ngaphandle kweendlela eziqhelekileyo zabakhenkethi basePortugal, yigugu loncwadi, eneevenkile zeencwadi ezenziwe kwiindawo ezingalindelekanga. Icawa yaseSantiago, eneencwadi ezingaphezu kwama-40.000. Ukusuka kuyo, iivenkile ezintsha zeencwadi zenziwa kwiindawo ezimangazayo, ezinje ngeemarike okanye kwindawo yokuthengisa iwayini.
EMontevideo, eUruguay)
Yintoni iMontevideo ekufuneka ibe sisixeko soncwadi? Ababhali bathanda U-Eduardo Galeano, uMario Benedetti okanye uJuan Carlos Onetti. Inkulu Imakethi yencwadi yangeCawa: UTristán Narvaja.
IMilano, e-Itali)
Yintoni ekufuneka iMilan ibe sisixeko soncwadi? IMilan lelinye lamaziko abapapashi abakhulu, ezinye zazo zibalulekile ngokwembali. Isixeko esihlala kuso iDarío Fo, ibhaso likaNobel.
IsiBucheon (South Korea)
Yintoni iBucheon ekufuneka ibe sisixeko soncwadi? Isithethe saso soncwadi sinxulunyaniswa neByun yeongro kunye neChong Chi-yong, iintshatsheli zentshukumo ebaluleke kakhulu yesihobe kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
IQuebec (Canada)
Kufuneka ntoni iQuebec ukuze ibe sisixeko soncwadi? Ngobomi obutyebileyo benkcubeko, uncwadi lwakhe lubonisa iFrancophone yakhe, iAnglophone kunye nelifa lemveli labemi.
Umbutho woNcwadi kunye neMbali yaseQuebec (1824) kunye neZiko laseCanada laseQuebec (1848) badlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi boncwadi belizwe. Yidolophu apho uninzi lwezindlu zokupapasha zeli lizwe zihlala khona.
Seattle (eMelika)
Yaziwa ngakumbi kwitekhnoloji kunoncwadi, yintoni enayo Seattle Ukuba sisixeko soncwadi? Nangona udumo lwayo lungaveli kuyo, enye yezona zinto zinomtsalane ziivenkile zeencwadi kunye nenani lezinto ezipapashiweyo kunye nemisebenzi ejikeleze ukufunda.
Utrecht (Holland)
Yintoni engalunganga ngayo Utrecht Ukuba sisixeko soncwadi? Ngo-1473 incwadi yokuqala yeNyakatho yeNetherlands yapapashwa, ngo-1516 yavela ingqokelela yokuqala yesihobe ebhalwe ngumfazi Kwaye ngo-1892 kwavulwa ilayibrari yokuqala yoluntu, phakathi kweminye imicimbi emininzi.
Ukubhiyozela phakathi kwama-20 nama-30 izehlo zoncwadi ngenyanga nganye, ebandakanya abantwana nabantu abadala kwaye ineevenkile zeencwadi ezingama-56, iilayibrari ezingama-26 kwaye likhaya labapapashi abangaphezu kwama-200.
EManchester, eUnited Kingdom)
Yintoni engalunganga ngayo Manchester Ukuba sisixeko soncwadi? IManchester inesihlanu amathala eencwadi oluntu angokwembali, inomdla hayi kuphela kwimali yabo, kodwa nakwizakhiwo ezikhoyo. Ubuncwane bayo obungenakuphikiswa Ithala leencwadi iJohn Rylands, ukususela ngo-1899, kwisitayela se-neo-gothic. Ubuncwane beefestile zayo zeglasi kunye nesilingi, kodwa, ngaphezu kwako konke, kugcinwa ngaphakathi: Iipapiri zase-Egypt, iincwadi zeCoptic okanye ezesiGrike, imibhalo-ngqangi yamaxesha aphakathi, uhlelo lweeCanterbury Tales (1476), iGutenberg Bible (1455) okanye incwadi enomdla malunga nemitha enye eziphakamileyo zeentaka zaseMelika (1830).
EThekwini (eMzantsi Afrika)
Yintoni engalunganga ngayo Thekwini Ukuba sisixeko soncwadi? Esi sixeko siye sabamba ababhali abaninzi, abanjengophumeleleyo wokuqala waseNobel wase-Afrika, uAlan Paton, okanye imbongi uBessie Head. Imibhiyozo ebalulekileyo yoncwadi enje nge-Poetry Africa ibanjelwe apha.
ILillehammer (eNorway)
Yintoni engalunganga ngayo I-Lillehammer Ukuba sisixeko soncwadi? Ngabemi abangama-27.000 kuphela, ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yaba liziko labapeyinti nababhali, abanye babo baphumelela amabhaso kaNobel kuLwazi olufana noBj Brnstjerne Bjørnson noSigrid Undset.
Sinqwenela Konke okusemandleni akho kwinyathelo laseSegovian ukuze iSegovia ibe lilandelayo lokujoyina uluhlu.