Ngaphakathi kwelizwe lolwimi noncwadi luninzi ulwazi ekufuneka luthathelwe ingqalelo, kungekuphela nje ukubhala iinoveli, kodwa ngokubanzi kuyo nayiphi na inkalo yonxibelelwano. Injalo ke imeko yokuba zeziphi iindidi zegrama, wakha weva ngazo?
Siza kugxila kwezi ndidi, iiklasi okanye iindidi zamagama esinawo kulwimi lwethu kwaye, onke, abekwe ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo. Kodwa ziyintoni?
Ziziphi iindidi zegrama
Njengoko sele sikuxelele, iindidi zegrama nazo zikwaziwa njengeeklasi zamagama okanye iindidi zeentlobo zamagama. Ngokwenene, yiyo uzama ukucalula igama ngalinye eliyila ulwimi. Kodwa ukuba sineqela elikhulu ngolo hlobo bekungenakwenzeka ukuba sibazi bonke. Ngoko bahlulwe ngeeklasi.
Kwaye kukuba iindidi zegrama zenziwe ngamaqela asi-9: igama, isenzi, isichazi, isimelabizo, isichazi, isihlomelo, isalathandawo, isichasi kunye nesihlanganisi.
Ngaba ivakala ngakumbi kuwe?
Iindidi zegrama, ukuba iqela ngalinye libandakanya ntoni
Njengoko sifuna ukuba kucace kuwe ukuba zeziphi iindidi zegrama, siza kuthetha ngazo zonke ezisithoba ezikhoyo apha ngezantsi.
Igama
Kwakhona ibizwa ngokuba sisibizo kwaye, njengoko iRAE iyichaza, oku kuya kuba:
"Iklasi yamagama aneempawu zesini kunye nenani, yenza amabinzana ezibizo kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ye-syntactic kunye nokuchonga amacandelo ohlobo olwahlukileyo."
Ngamanye amazwi, ligama elikwaziyo ukuchonga izidalwa iyaphila, ayiphili, iyinyani, ayinakwenzeka, abantu...
Oku kuthetha ukuba liqela elikhulu, yiyo loo nto lahlulwe ngokwamaqela amancinci athi:
- Ngawakho amagama: zezo zichonga abantu okanye amaziko athile nabanenyani. Ngokomzekelo, uMaria, uJuan, iMadrid, iItali, njl.
- Eqhelekileyo: zezo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukubonisa into eqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, umthi sisibizo esiqhelekileyo kuba asicacisi ukuba luhlobo luni lomthi.
- Izibizo ezibalayo: ezo zinokubalwa (itafile, isitulo, iglasi…).
- Akunakubalwa. Ezo besingenakuzibala nokuba sifuna kangakanani na: umoya, umoya, amanzi, ioksijini...
- amagama abambekayo: zezo zibhekisa kwizinto esinokuzichukumisa okanye esinokuzibona (incwadi, ikeyiki, amanzi...).
- Abstract: zibhekisa kwizinto ezingenakubonwa okanye ezingenakuchukunyiswa: ulwazi, ubulumko, uxinzelelo ...
- amagama ngabanye: zizo ezikhonza kuphela iziko elinye (ingcuka, isofa, rose, ibhokhwe…).
- Iingqokelela: abo batyumba iqela lelo qumrhu: ipakethe, umhlambi, irosebush, umhlambi...
- amagama oopopayi: bhekisa kumagama achaza izinto eziphilayo.
- ezingaphiliyo: abo banikwe izinto ezingenabomi (ipleyiti, isitulo, ishelufu ...).
Isenzi
Isenzi, ngokwe RAE siya kuba:
"Iiklasi zamagama ezinokwakheka komntu, inani, ixesha, imo kunye nenkalo."
Ngamanye amagama, yinto esixelelayo xa isenzo esibhekisa kuso senzeka, ukuba kugqityiwe, kuyenzeka okanye kuya kwenzeka ngexesha elithile.
Isenzi sinezihlanganisi ezintathu:
- Iphele ngo -AR, ezilungqamaniso lokuqala (cula, umdaniso, qaphela…).
- Iphele ngo-ER, ehambelana nokudibanisa okwesibini (ukutya, ukusela, ukuvula ...).
- Kwaye iphele ngo -IR, ukudibanisa okwesithathu (ukuphila, ukuhleka, ukubhala ...).
Ngokukwanjalo, izenzi zineentlobo ezintathu zeendlela, ezalathiso, elimiyo (subjunctive) kunye nesinyanzeliso, namatyeli amabini, alula naxandileyo, athi wona ahlulwe abe ngabaninzi.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwimophology yazo, izenzi zinokuba rhoqo, ukuba zigcina isakhiwo kuwo onke amaxesha; okanye ezingaqhelekanga (ukuba ziyatshintsha).
Isichazi
Ukusebenzisa iRAE, isichazi sichazwa ngolu hlobo:
"Udidi lwamagama aneempawu eziguqula isibizo okanye zichazwe kwangaphambili, kwaye zichaza iimpawu, iipropathi kunye nobudlelwane bendalo eyahlukeneyo."
Ndiyathetha ngamagama aya kongeza iimpawu kwigama, kuba unokutsho ukuba sinjani eso sibizo, indlela esivakalelwa ngayo okanye nokuba sisuka phi okanye sinjani ngokwasemzimbeni.
Sinokuhlela izichazi zibe:
- Ezintle. Xa iyinto engaqiniswanga okanye engathelekiswa nayo nantoni na.
- Ukuthelekisa: xa zithelekiswa.
- Ebalaseleyo: xa iqondo eliphezulu linikezelwa kumgangatho eliwubonisayo.
Isimelabizo
Izimelabizo baba endaweni yegama. Noko ke, adla ngokuphelela kumagama afanelekileyo, ekubeni ukuba oko kwenziwa nalawo aqhelekileyo, kwiimeko ezininzi eli binzana liya kuphelelwa yintsingiselo.
Izimelabizo zinokuba:
- Okomntu: Mna, wena, yena, thina, wena kunye nabo.
- Umboniso: ukubonisa ukuba isondele kangakanani kuthi (oku, oku, okuya...)
- Akuchazwanga: xa bebhekisela kwinto ethile kodwa bengachazanga ngakumbi.
- Iimibuzo: Izikhuzo nazo ziya kuba kweli qela kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukubuza imibuzo okanye izikhuzo.
- Izihlobo: ukunxulumanisa into yangaphambili.
Ukuzimisela
Ngokubhekiselele kummiselo, oku kusivumela ukuba siqonde ubunyani apho eso sivakalisi siphunyezwa khona. Yindlela yokuchonga iimbekiselo ezinceda ukwenza umxholo ube wokwenene ngakumbi.
Ezi zahlulwe zibe ngamaqela amabini:
- kuchaziwe, xa bechaza igama. Ngokulandelayo, bohlulwa babe:
- Ukuzimisela (i).
- bonisa (zifana nezichazi esizibonileyo)
- Abanezinto (eyam eyakho…).
- Amanani. Ebhekisa kubungakanani okanye kwinani elithile:
- Ayichazwanga: enye, enye, enye, ayikho, incinci...
- amanani amakhulu.
- Ukuthelekisa.
Qaphela ukuba abaqinisekisi bonke, bobabini, kunye nenye, kunye nokwahluka kwazo, zinokuba zizo zombini eziqinisekileyo kunye nobungakanani.
Isihlomelo
Ngokutsho kweRAE, isihlomelo sinye:
"Udidi lwamagama aneziqalelo ezingaguquguqukiyo nezigxininiswayo, ngokubanzi zinikwe intsingiselo yesichazi-magama kwaye ziguqula intsingiselo yeendidi ezahlukeneyo, ikakhulu isenzi, isichazi, isivakalisi okanye igama lodidi olufanayo".
Sithetha ngayo amagama asinceda ngokusinika ulwazi oluninzi, njengobungakanani, indawo, ixesha, indlela... okanye nokuba kukho isiqinisekiso, ukuchasa okanye ukuthandabuza kwiindawo ezithile zesicatshulwa okanye zesivakalisi.
Enyanisweni, izihlomelo zihlelwa ngokusekelwe koko sikuxoxileyo.
Isichazamazwi
Izalathandawo Ngamagama asebenza njengekhonkco phakathi kwamagama okanye izivakalisi.. Aba liqela elivaliweyo kwaye akusekho.
Ngala: A, phambi, ngaphantsi, ilingana, kunye, ngokuchasene, ukusuka, phakathi, phakathi, ukuya, kude, ukudlula, ngokuba, ngokutsho, ngaphandle, ukuba, emva, xa uthelekisa kunye nodlula.
Ungenelelo
Sithetha ngamagama azinantsingiselo ngenene kodwa isetyenziselwa ukuvakalisa imeko okanye uvakalelo njengokumangala, ukuthula, njl.
Zininzi, kodwa ezinye zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu zezi: Ah!, ha, aha!, eh!, heyi!, yho!
Umdibaniso
Ekugqibeleni, sinesihlanganisi, esi liqela lamagama anxulumene namaqela amagama, izivakalisi okanye amagama ngaphandle kokungaphezulu.
Njengoko kunye ne-prepositions, nazo ziliqela elivaliweyo, kuphela lahlulwe ngokwamaqela amabini:
- abaququzeleli, ezidibanisa iziqalelo: kunye, kwaye, hayi, okanye, u, kodwa kwaye kodwa.
- abaphantsi, ezidibanisa iziqalelo kodwa enye yazo ixhomekeke kwenye: ukuba, kuba, nangona, njenge, ngoko, ngoko.
Ngaba icacile kuwe ukuba zeziphi iindidi zegrama?