UMlawuli waseRoma
UMlawuli waseRoma yincwadi yembali yamandulo ebhalwe sisifundiswa esiliNgesi, unjingalwazi, umhleli kunye nombhali uMary Beard, “oyena mfundi udumileyo waseBritani.” Umsebenzi ojongene nolu hlaziyo wapapashwa ngeSpanish ngo-2023 nguSilvia Furió kunye nendlu yokushicilela yaseCrítica. Isicatshulwa sivela njengokuqhubeka kwe SPQR. Imbali yeRoma yamandulo, apho i- popularizer ingena khona kule mpucuko inomdla.
Ukuthetha ngoko yayikuko iRoma ebudeni bexesha lamandulo kufuna uhlolisiso olunzima lwejografi, abantu bayo yaye, ngaphezu kwako konke, iinkqubo zayo zobupolitika.. Ukuze uqonde ngokucacileyo ukuba iSixeko esingunaphakade saba yintoni na, kuyimfuneko ukuhlalutya nzulu abalawuli baso kunye nendlela abaziphatha ngayo ngokungqinelana nobungqina obukhoyo kunye namaxwebhu.
Isishwankathelo se UMlawuli waseRoma
Yayingoobani abalawuli baseRoma
Ngaba yayilulutsha nje olunogonyamelo nolungcole olungakwaziyo ukuvakalisa iimvakalelo zalo? Okanye ngaba babenenzondelelo yempambano ngolawulo ababelunikwe xa babefumana izikhundla ezinjalo? Ekuphela kwendlela yokwazi kukufunda, kodwa hayi nje enye ebandakanya ukufunda imbali yakudala., kodwa kulowo uphuma esandleni somntu ozinikele ubomi bakhe bonke ekungeneni iRoma yakudala, nokuba uyiqonda ngokupheleleyo.
UMary Beard ujongana nesihloko sabalawuli bamaRoma ngokuchaza isikhundla ngokwaso: izibophelelo zabo, into ababefanele bayifunde ukuze bayisebenzise, imithetho yokulandelelana, phakathi kolunye ulwazi. Ukwengeza, Umbhali uthetha nge-emperor njengomntu, kunye nangawona magama abalulekileyo athe avela ngeli xesha, njengoJulius Caesar, uAlexander Severus, uCaligula, isithandi sobulumko uMarcus Aurelius noNero.
Yintoni umlawuli?
Igama elithi "Emperor" livela kwigama lesiLatini Unyanzeliso —elinokuguqulelwa ngokuthi “umphathi”—. Sesona sikhundla siphakamileyo sezopolitiko esasinokunikwa umntu ngexesha leRoma yamandulo.. Njengomthetho jikelele, le yayiyindlela abathiywa ngayo abo baphumelele emfazweni. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba esi sihloko sabekwa kwakhona ku-Agasto kunye nabo bonke abalandela emva kwakhe, nokuba lo mva wayephumelele kukhuphiswano okanye cha.
Indlela eyonwabisayo kwimbali yakudala
Imbali ayifane ifundwe ngentshiseko njengoko kunokwenzeka ukwenza njalo noMary Beard., ekubeni umbhali waseBrithani edibanisa iziganeko zeRoma yamandulo ukuze afikeleleke kumntu oqhelekileyo, into engaqhelekanga, enikwe ulwazi analo ngalo mbandela.
Okokuqala, UMlawuli waseRoma inikeza ulandelelwano lwamaxesha ngaphandle kwezithethe zembali. Ngaphaya koko, ubomi bobukhosi bujongwa ngokwembono yabantu.
uMariya Intshebe idala ulungelelwano phakathi kokufundisa nokonwabisa ngaphandle kokuphulukana nayo nayiphi na inkalo. Yaye kutheni kungenjalo? Ngoko ke, umbhali uqalisa uhambo olunzulu olusingise kwizihloko ezinjengeemfuno ezintathu umlawuli ekufuneka ehlangabezane nazo. UNtshebe uzichaza ngolu hlobo: “… kufuneka oyise, kufuneka abe ngumxhamli kwaye kufuneka axhase ulwakhiwo olutsha okanye abuyisele ezo ziwohlokayo.”
Ubume bomsebenzi
UMlawuli waseRoma yahlulwe yaba izahluko ezilishumi. Isicatshulwa siqala ngamava kaJulius Caesar, owabulawa ngo-44 BC. C., nokuvela kwegunya lomtshana wakhe uAgasto, owathi kamva waba ngukumkani wokuqala osemthethweni kweso sixeko. Ukusuka apho, Umbhali uhlalutya nzulu ixesha elihamba de kube phantse amakhulu amathathu eminyaka kamva., ukusuka phakathi kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC. C. kude kube phakathi kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX AD. c.
Eli xesha liquka igunya labalawuli abangamashumi amathathu. Izahluko ezilishumi zale ncwadi zandulelwa yintshayelelo apho umbhali ethatha umzobo we-Elagabalus ephikisanayo njenge-protagonist yakhe ephambili. Ukusuka kuye, UMary Beard uyaqhubeka nokudiliza zonke izinto zakudala zomlawuli, ezifana “negosa elikhutheleyo. nomsebenzi” kunye nenkululeko eyingozi.
Ukuguqulwa kweRoma
Ekugqibeleni, le ncwadi iphetha nge-epilogue njengebhalansi, ebonisa ukubaluleka kweRoma yamandulo kunye nokuwa kwayo ezandleni zecawa yamaKatolika yokuqala. Kumthamo wakhe, umbhali unikezela ngezimvo ezikude nohlahlelo olufana nolukaEdward Gibbon. Umzekelo: Uthi amandla omlawuli akazange ehle ekufikeni kobuKristu., kodwa landa ngenxa yolu nqulo. Oku kuyinyani, ewe, kuphela ukuba sithetha ngokumkani ongumKristu.
Owona mahluko wokwenene phakathi kwezi ntlobo zozibini zoorhulumente yayiyimibutho yonqulo. AmaGrike amandulo ayebakhusela oothixo bawo beOlympian, ngoxa amaKristu obuOthodoki ayenqula umzobo kaYesu Kristu. Ngokombhali, i-autocracy ngokubanzi enxulunyaniswa neRoma bubuxoki, into engekhoyo, isipili esijijekileyo.”
Malunga nombhali, uWinifred Mary Beard
UWinifred Mary Beard wazalwa ngo-1955, eMuch Wenlock, eUnited Kingdom. Umbhali waya kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo eShrewsbury High School, isikolo ekuhlalwa kuso samantombazana. Xa kufika ihlobo, wayedla ngokuba nenxaxheba ekugrunjweni kwezinto zakudala ukuze azenzele eyakhe imali. Ngaphambi kokuba uqale inqanaba lakho leyunivesithi Wacinga ngokufunda eKing's College, kodwa wayibeka ecaleni kuba eso sikolo samkela abafana abaselula kuphela..
Le nyaniso yaphawula izikhundla zakhe emva kwexesha lobufazi phantse ngendlela efanayo neNewnham College, iyunivesithi awabhalisa kuyo ekugqibeleni. Nangona ubufazi bezixhobo zayo, uMary UBeard waqaphela ukuba abaphathi besikolo abangamadoda baqhubekile nokunciphisa iinzame zabasetyhini., ngoko wazibongoza ukuba afundisise ngokuphindwe kabini ukuze anciphise ezo ngcamango.
Ekugqibeleni, Uqeqeshelwe izifundo zeklasikhi, kwaye wazinikela ekufundeni, ukongeza kwiiklasi zokufundisa kwiiyunivesithi zaseCambridge., iqabane laseNewnham College kunye neRoyal Academy of Arts, apho abalaseleyo kwiintetho zakhe, izincoko zakhe kunye neencwadi zakhe ezithengiswa kakhulu.
Ezinye iincwadi zikaMary Beard
- iRome kwiRiphabliki kade (1985);
- Isikhokelo sikaMama esiSebenza kakuhle (1989);
- Abefundisi Bamaqaba: Unqulo Namandla Kwihlabathi Lamandulo (1990);
- IiClassics: Intshayelelo emfutshane kakhulu (1995);
- Iinkonzo zaseRoma (1998);
- Ukuveliswa kukaJane Harrison (2000);
- Ubugcisa beClassical ukusuka eGrisi ukuya eRoma (2001);
- I-Parthenon (2002);
- I-Colosseum (2005);
- Uloyiso lwaseRoma (2007);
- Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town (2008);
- Ukujongana neeClassics: Izithethe, i-Adventures kunye ne-Innovations (2013);
- Ukuhleka kwiRoma yaMandulo: Ekuqhubeni, ukuKhanya, kunye nokuQonda (2014);
- I-SPQR: Imbali yeRoma yaMandulo (2016).