URosalía de Castro, umbhali wobuRoma baseRoma

URosalia de Castro wazalwa e Santiago de Compostela kunyaka 1837 Kunye nembongi yaseSevillian uGustavo Adolfo Bécquer, wenza esi sibini sanikezela impembelelo kunye nokuphefumla kwinqanaba le-Romanticism yaseSpain. Kweli nqaku likhethekileyo elinikezelwe kuye, asikhangeli kuphela kubomi bakhe, ngelishwa sifutshane kakhulu, kodwa nakwimisebenzi yakhe yoncwadi, egqibeleleyo ngakumbi kunaleyo ivezwe i-priori, umzekelo kwizikolo zaseSpain, apho ukubaluleka kwayo kunganzima zikhankanyiwe kuncwadi lwelizwe lethu, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, kuphela yimixholo yazo ebumbongo ebhekisa kubuRoma.

Kweli nqaku, siza kulisusa eli liva kwaye siza kulinika indawo yalo mbhali ubalaseleyo waseGalikhi ... Siyathemba ukuba asizukushiya nto kwipayipi, sikudlulisele eRosalía de Castro ngokupheleleyo yonke ingqokelela yayo.

impilo

URosalía de Castro wayenjalo intombi yomfazi ongatshatanga kunye nomfana osemncinci owenziweyo ngeleli. Imeko okuyo Intombi engekho mthethweni kwamkhokelela ekubeni abhaliswe njengentombi yabazali abangaziwa, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

NgoFebruwari amashumi amabini anesine ewaka elinamakhulu asibhozo anamashumi amathathu anesithandathu, uMaría Francisca Martínez, ummelwane waseSan Juan del Campo, wayengunina wentombazana endayibhaptiza ndaza ndabeka iioyile ezingcwele, ndimbiza ngokuba nguMaría Rosalía Rita, intombi ka abazali abangaziwayo, intombazana ayithathe isithixokazi, kwaye uhamba ngaphandle kwenani ngokungadluli kwi-Inclusa; Kwaye kwirekhodi, ndiyayityikitya. Isatifikethi sobhaptizo esisayinwe ngumfundisi uJosé Vicente Varela y Montero.

Ukukhula ngolu hlobo kuya kubuchaphazela ngokuqinisekileyo ubuntu bakhe kwaye ke, ubomi bakhe kunye nomsebenzi wokubhala. Nangona kunjalo, siyawazi amagama abazali: UMaría Teresa de la Cruz de Castro y Abadía noJosé Martínez Viojo. Nangona umntu owayekhathalele usana ekuqaleni yayingu-godmother kunye nesicaka sikanina, u-María Francisca Martínez, inxenye yobuntwana bakhe wayezakuyichitha nosapho lukatata wakhe, kwidolophu yase-Ortoño, ukuze kamva aye eSantiago de Compostela, apho Inkampani kanina, waqala ukufumana umbono osisiseko wokuzoba kunye nomculo, esiya rhoqo kwimicimbi yenkcubeko apho azakunxibelelana nenxalenye Ulutsha lwengqondo lwaseGalician Okwangoku, njenge U-Eduardo Pondal kunye no-Aurelio Aguirre. Nangona sisazi kuphela kwiminyaka yakhe yesikolo ukuba waqala ukubhala umbongo esemncinci, siyayazi incasa yakhe yemidlalo yeqonga, awayethatha inxaxheba kuyo ebuntwaneni nasebusheni.

Kolunye uhambo lwakhe kwikomkhulu laseSpain, Madrid, udibane nokuba ngubani na umyeni wakhe, uManuel Murguía, Umbhali waseGalician kunye nomntu obalaseleyo we 'Ukubuyela'. URosalía wapapasha incwadana yemibongo ebhalwe ngeSpanish, awayibiza ngokuba yiSpanish «Intyatyambo ", kwaye yavakaliswa nguManuel Murguía, obhekisele kuye kwi Iberia. Enkosi kumhlobo ophathanayo, aba babini badibana ekuhambeni kwexesha, ekugqibeleni Tshata ngonyaka we-1858, Ngokukodwa nge-10 ka-Okthobha, kwicawa yaseSan Ildefonso. Babenabantwana abasi-7.

Nangona abanye abagxeki bezoncwadi beqinisekisa ukuba uRosalía wayengenayo le nto kuthiwa ngumtshato owonwabileyo kanye nangona wayemthanda kakhulu umyeni wakhe, kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uManuel Murguía wamnceda kakhulu kubuchule bakhe bokubhala, de kube kukupapashwa komsebenzi edume kakhulu Galician «Iingoma zeGalician», Ukuba ngowona msebenzi uphezulu emva kombhali ngokwakhe, ewe, ukuba lo msebenzi uyaziwa namhlanje kwaye unayo ndicinga ukuba ukuvuselelwa koncwadi lwaseGalician ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.

Ukuba kukodwa, ukubhala kwakunzima kubafazi ngelo xesha, masingathethi nokuba kwakunzima kangakanani ukukwenza ngesiGalikhi kwaye bakufundele. Ulwimi lwaseGalician lwalungafunwa kwaphela, Ngokuya ngokuya kude ukusuka ngelo xesha apho yayilulwimi olwalusekwe ngaphambili lokudala ingoma ye-Galician-Portuguese. Kwafuneka uqale kwasekuqaleni, ukusuka ekuqaleni, kuba yonke inkcubeko yayilahlekile. Kwakudingeka ukwahlukana nokungakhathali kunye nokudelela okwakukho malunga nolwimi, kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abo babewuthathela ingqalelo lo msebenzi, kuba oku kungangunobangela wokuhlaziswa ekuhlaleni kwaye kungakhange kube nako ukubaluleka kokuba uyenzile Spanish. Ke, URosalía de Castro wanika iGalician udumo xa uyisebenzisa njengolwimi lwe «Iingoma zeGalician», Oko ke kudibanisa ukuvuselelwa kwenkcubeko kulwimi lwaseGalician.

Ngexesha lomtshato, URosalía noManuel batshintsha iidilesi zabo izihlandlo ezininzi: badlula e-Andalusia, e-Extremadura, e-Levante kwaye ekugqibeleni, nge-Castile, ngaphambi kokuba babuyele eGalicia, apho umbhali wahlala khona de kwaba yimini yokufa kwakhe. Kukholelwa ukuba oku kuhamba nokuhamba ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yomsebenzi kunye nezizathu zoqoqosho, kuko okwakhokelela ekubeni uRosalía angabi nathemba rhoqo. Ekugqibeleni, wasweleka ngo-1885 ngenxa ye umhlaza wesibeleko Wayehlupheka kudala phambi ko-1883. Ekuqaleni, wangcwatyelwa emangcwabeni e-Adina, e-Iria Flavia, ukuze kamva akhuphe umzimba wakhe ngoMeyi 15, 1891 ukuze asiwe eSantiago de Compostela, apho wangcwatyelwa khona kwakhona i-mausoleum yenzelwe yena ngokukhethekileyo ngumdwebi uJesús Landeira, ebekwe kwiChapel yoTyelelo lweSanto Domingo de Bonaval Convent, kwiPantheon yangoku yeGalic. Indawo, ebangcono ngokungathandabuzekiyo, kumfazi waseGalikhi onikele yonke into ngomhlaba wakhe.

Obra

Umsebenzi wakhe, njengoko kunjalo nakwelo UGustavo Adolfo Becquer, yinxalenye ye- isihobe esisondeleyo ukusuka kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ebonakaliswa ngaphezulu kwayo yonke ngethoni elula nengqalileyo enika impefumlo entsha, ethembekileyo ethembekileyo yokuhamba kweSpanish Romanticism.

Umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala waziwa ngaphezulu kwayo yonke loo nto Ukwenziwa kwesibongoYenziwe yimisebenzi emi-3 epapashiweyo: Iingoma zaseGalician, Utshiza i-novas y Kwiibhanki zeSar. Iincwadi ezimbini zokuqala zabhalwa ngesiGalician, kwaye "Kwiindonga zeSar", umsebenzi wakhe wemibongo ngeSpanish, uveza intetho ejikeleze iimvakalelo zombhali kunye neengxabano zangaphakathi esizikhankanyile ngaphambili: isizungu, iintlungu kunye nostalgia enzulu yexesha elidlulileyo ziziphumo ezibaluleke kakhulu zonxibelelwano nelizwi lesihobe kunye neendawo. yobutsha bakhe.

Kwakhona emsebenzini "Kwiindonga zeSar", ezinye zeempawu ezazisele zivelile kwimveliso yakhe yangaphambilini yaseGalikhi ziyavela: "izithunzi", ubukho babantu abaswelekileyo, okanye "abonwabileyo", abantu abathile bamiselwe kwangaphambili ukuba babekho entlungwini kwaye babhuqwa lilishwa. Ngokuchanekileyo, ukubandezeleka okungathethekiyo komntu, apho isazela sakhe savukela, ngamanye amaxesha kujongana nenkolo yakhe.

URosalía de Castro uhlakulela umbongo ojonga intsingiselo yobomi kumbono onesizungu kunye nelizwe. Le mbono iqhubela phambili kumlinganiswa okhoyo obonwa njengababhali abathile njenge U-Antonio Machado o UMiguel de Unamuno. Kungale ndlela ikwanje, njengethoni yokuvuma izono, ukwenziwa kwamagqabantshintshi amatsha okanye ukusetyenziswa kwevesi yase-Aleksandriya (ivesi enamalungu alishumi elinesine ezakhiwe ziihemistich ezimbini zamagama asixhenxe anesigama kwisilabhili yesithandathu neyeshumi elinesithathu) ukutyekela ngokusesikweni kwimibongo yale mihla.

«Iingoma zeGalician»

Su owona msebenzi waziwayo, epapashwe ngo 1863, ibhalwe ngolwimi lwakhe lweenkobe, isiGalician, ukugxeka ukungabikho kokusesikweni okwenziwa ebantwini nakwinkcubeko yaseGalician ngokubanzi.

Le ncwadi enemibongo engama-36, kubandakanya intshayelelo kunye nesiqendu, iqala ngelizwi lentombazana emenywe ukuba icule, icele uxolo, nakwimbongo yokugqibela, ngenxa yokungakwazi kwakhe ukucula ngeGalicia kunye nobuhle bayo. URosalía ubonakala kubo njengomntu omnye, ngaloo ndlela ecacisa ukuthanda kwakhe uluntu lwaseGalikhi.

Kwiingoma zeGalician, imixholo eyahlukeneyo emi-4 yahlula ngokucacileyo:

• Umxholo wothando: Abalinganiswa abahlukeneyo bedolophu kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko, phila uthando ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngokwembono eyaziwayo.
• Umxholo wobuzwe: Kule mibongo ukuzingca kwabantu baseGalicia kuyangqinwa, ukuxhatshazwa kwabemi bayo kumazwe angaphandle ngenxa yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kugxekwa kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukulahlwa apho iGalicia ivezwa khona kuyaliwa.
• Umxholo wesikoInkcazo kunye nokubaliswa kubalasele kwinkcazo yeenkolelo, ukuhambela ezonqulo, ukuzinikela okanye uphawu kubalinganiswa benkcubeko edumileyo yaseGalician.
• Umxholo osondeleyo: Ngumbhali ngokwakhe, uRosalía, ovakalisa iimvakalelo zakhe kweminye imibongo.

Kwi "Cantares gallegos" kunye nakwi "Follas novas", umbhali ufumene izinto ezininzi kwimibongo ethandwayo nakwintsomi yaseGalician eyayilityelwe iinkulungwane. URosalía ucula ngobuhle beGalicia kwimibongo yakhe kwaye uhlasela abo bahlasela abantu bakhe. Uthanda abalimi kunye nabasebenzi kwaye uhlala ekhala ngobuhlwempu, ukufuduka kunye neengxaki ezibandakanya oku. Lo mzekelo kule ncwadi yemibongo ubonakalisa iintlungu zomfuduki othi ndlela-ntle kumhlaba wakhe:

Sala kakuhle uzuko! Sala kakuhle!

Ndiyishiya indlu apho ndazalelwa khona

Ndiyishiya ilali endiyaziyo

ngehlabathi endingalibonanga.

Ndishiya abahlobo kubantu abangaziwayo 

Ndishiya intlambo yolwandle,

Ekugqibeleni ndiyishiya into elungileyo endiyifunayo ...

Ngubani ongenakuhamba! ...

«Iifollas novas»

Le ibiyincwadi yokugqibela yesihobe eyabhalwa ngumbhali ngesiGalician, eyapapashwa ngo-1880. Le ngqokelela yemibongo yahlulwe yangamacandelo amahlanu: Bhadula, Obusenyongweni do, IVaria, Da terra e Njengokuba ubuphila ababini usaphila kwaye ubuphila ababini beswelekile, kwaye imibongo yakhe yexesha awayehlala ngalo nosapho lakwaSimanca.

Kule mibongo, uRosalía uyakugxeka ukujongela phantsi abantu basetyhini ngelo xesha kwaye ujongana nokuhamba kwexesha, ukufa, ixesha elidlulileyo njengexesha elingcono, njl.

Njengento enomdla, siza kuthi kwintshayelelo yakhe, umbhali wayicacisa injongo yakhe yokungabhali ngesiGalician kwakhona ngale migca:

"Alá hamba, pois, njengoFollas novas, indlela entle abazibiza ngayo nge-vellas, kuba okanye bayiyo, kwaye okokugqibela, kuba uhlawule xa unetyala apho kubonakala ngathi ndiyikhoa miña terra, kunzima kuye ukubhala ngaphezulu iivesi ngolwimi lweenkobe. "

Iguqulwe, ithi oku kulandelayo: "Kukho ke, amaphepha amatsha, anokuthiwa mabadala, kuba akhona, kwaye okokugqibela, kuba ityala ebendibonakala ndinomhlaba wam sele lihlawule, kunzima ukuba ndibhale iivesi ezininzi ulwimi lweenkobe ".

Iprose

Kwaye nangona ezikolweni besazisa ngoRosalía owayengabalulekanga kakhulu ngexesha lakhe kwaye eyimbongi kuphela, inyani kukuba wabhala neprose. Emva koko, sikushiya kwezona zibalulekileyo:

• "Intombi yolwandle" (1859): Uzinikele ngokupheleleyo kumyeni wakhe uManuel Murguía. Ingxoxo yayo imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Ngeziganeko zobomi zikaEsperanza, intombazana yahlangulwa emanzini kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga, uTeresa, uCandora, uAngela, uFausto kunye no-Ansot okhohlakeleyo, singena kwindalo yonke yaseRosali egcwele izithunzi, ukudana kunye nentliziyo ebuhlungu. Ukuhlalisana kwezinto eziyinyani nezingaqondakaliyo, umbono wokungabi nathemba lobomi, ubukhulu beentlungu ngaphezu kolonwabo kubukho babantu, ubuntununtunu obugqithisileyo ngokubhekisele kwimbonakalo yomhlaba, ukukhusela kwabona babuthathaka, ukuthethelelwa kwesidima sabasetyhini, isililo seenkedama kwaye ishiywe ... zizinto eziphindaphindayo kwimisebenzi yombhali esiyifumeneyo kwisiqalo sakhe soncwadi, esithi esi sihloko singumzekelo olungileyo. URosalía ayililo lizwi lokuncwina nje kuphela elivela kwilizwe lenkungu nelokukhumbula ekhaya eliye labumba isithethe esidumileyo ngokuhamba kwexesha, kodwa ikwangumbhali onamandla nozinikeleyo, osele ekuloo ngxelo yakhe yokuqala, evakalisa umoya wobukrelekrele kwisinye, Umfazi ngaphambi kwexesha lakhe, owathi, njengabalinganiswa bakhe abakhulu, wazi indlela yokucinga ngehlabathi ngamehlo okhethekileyo. Ungawufunda umsebenzi wakhe simahla kule nto unxibelelwano.

• "Flavio" (1861): URosalía uwuchaza lo msebenzi njenge "isincoko esitsha" kuba into ayibalisayo kuyo yiminyaka yakhe yobutsha. Kulomsebenzi umxholo wothando lokuphoxeka uvela rhoqo.

• "Indoda enxibe iibhutsi eziluhlaza" (1867): NgokukaRosalía de Castro uqobo, lo msebenzi luhlobo "lwebali elingaqhelekanga" elizele ziingcinga ezihlekisayo, eziza kwenza uluhlu lwamabali amnandi kunye neempawu zesiko ezinenjongo yokunyanzelisa uhanahaniso kunye nokungazi yoluntu lwaseMadrid. Ngaphandle kokunqaba kwayo, ithathwa ngabagxeki boncwadi njengowona msebenzi unomdla kakhulu kumbhali waseGalicia.

• "Conto Gallego" (1864), ebhalwe ngolwimi lwaseGalician.
• "Iilitha" (1866).
• "ICadiceño" (1886).
• "Amabhodlo" (1866).
• "Uligeza lokuqala" (1881).
• "NgeCawa yeSundu" (1881).
• «Padrón kunye nezikhukula» (1881).
• «Amasiko aseGalician» (1881).

Igama likaRosalía de Castro namhlanje

Namhlanje, zininzi iindawo, iimbeko kunye neendawo zikawonke-wonke ezikhumbula igama likaRosalía de Castro, ngenxa yokubaluleka koku ekuvuseleleni ulwimi lwaseGalicia kwilizwe lethu. Ukuchaza nje ezimbalwa:

• Izikolo kuluntu lwaseMadrid, eAndalusia, eGalicia, njengakwiminye imimandla yaseSpain, nakwamanye amazwe. Amasayithi anegama lombhali waseGalician afunyenwe eRashiya, e-Uruguay naseVenezuela.
• Izikwere, iipaki, amathala eencwadi, izitrato, Njl
• Un iwayini kunye nehlelo lemvelaphi uRías Baixas.
• Un moya yeenqwelo moya Iberia.
• Omnye inqwelo moya yokuhlangula elwandle.
• Amacwecwe okukhumbula, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo, imizobo, amabhaso esihobe, imizobo, amathikiti ISpanish, njl.

Kwaye njengoko usazi ukuba bekuqhelekile kumanqaku am, ndikushiya une ingxelo yevidiyo Malunga nombhali, malunga nemizuzu engama-50, othetha ngobomi bakhe kunye nomsebenzi wakhe. Kugqityiwe kwaye kuyonwabisa. Ndishiyela iikowuti ezimbalwa endizithandayo:

• Malunga amaphupha awondla umphefumlo:  «Uyonwabile ngubani ophuphayo, oswelekileyo. Usisi osweleka engaphuphi ".
• Malunga ulutsha kunye nokungafi: "Igazi lolutsha liyabila, intliziyo iphakanyisiwe izele ngumoya, kwaye ngesibindi iingcinga eziphambeneyo ziyaphupha kwaye zikholelwa ukuba umntu ufana noothixo, ongafiyo."