INgcwele uMichael elungileyo, umfel 'ukholo.
Ngomhla we-13 kaMeyi, ngo-1931 yabonakala ipapashwa okokuqala INgcwele uManuel Bueno, umfeli-nkolo, kwi-N ° 461 yemagazini Inoveli yanamhlanje. Yi-nivola eshwankathela icandelo elikhulu leempawu zomsebenzi omkhulu wefilosofi kunye nombhali uMiguel de Unamuno. Isicatshulwa sibonisa uninzi lweenkxalabo ezihlala zihlupha umntu okrelekrele osele ekhulile.
Ezi zibonakaliso ezikhoyo zichazwe ngomlingiswa wakhe ophambili, umbingeleli. Kunye neenjongo zombhali waseBasque ukushukumisa isazela sabafundi bakhe ukuze babakhuthaze ekukhangeleni ngokwasemoyeni. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ukungqubana phakathi kokholo kunye nesizathu kwaba ngumzabalazo wangaphakathi ngokusisigxina e-Unamuno.
Sobre el autor
Miguel de Unamuno (Bilbao, Septemba 29, 1864 - Salamanca, nge-31 kaDisemba ngo-1936) yenye yezona ngxelo zibalulekileyo kwisizukulwana se-98. Umsebenzi wakhe ubonakalisa ubungangamsha bokuphakama kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zohlobo lwezincoko, iinoveli, imibongo kunye nobugcisa bemidlalo. KwiDyunivesithi yaseSalamanca wayenguNjingalwazi wamaGrike, wayengu-Rector, kodwa wagxothwa ngenxa yezopolitiko.
Waya ekuthinjweni eFransi ngexesha lolawulo lobuzwilakhe luka Primo de Rivera. Emva kokubuyela eSpain, waphinda wabamba i-ofisi yengqonyela. Emva kokumiliselwa kwayo ngo-1931, INgcwele uManuel Bueno, umfeli-nkolo yapapashwa phantsi kwelebheli i-Espasa Calpe kunye namanye amabali amabini ngo-1993. La mabali mabini axhasayo alawulwa ngokulinganayo yimixholo ye-existentialist eyona inomdla Unamuno.
Ubuntu buka-Unamuno, isitayile kunye nengcinga
Ubushushu bakhe obungqongqo buthelekiswa ngandlela ithile kunye nembono edakumbisayo yobomi, zenziwe ngengxoxo esisigxina yefilosofi. Ngendlela efanayo, imeko encinci yomntu yayingumbono oqhelekileyo kwiingoma zakhe, eziphawulwe ngohlobo oludlamkileyo noluchanekileyo, ngaphandle kweefrimu. Yonke into ibonakaliswe kwiprozi ye-rustic, ecacileyo, ehlawuliswe nge-antithesis, esetyenziselwa ukutyhila indawo yakhe yangaphakathi.
UMiguel de Unamuno.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Isikhundla sakhe eSpain naseYurophu luphawu lokugqibela kwakhe. Kwiminyaka yakhe yokuqala yobomi, u-Unamuno wabona kufanelekile ukuba "i-Europeize iSpain", ngenxa yokubuyela umva kwesizwe sase-Iberia ngokubhekisele kwilizwekazi. Kodwa ukuya esiphelweni sobomi bakhe wayecinga ukuba kunyanzelekile ukuba "iSpanish ibe yiYurophu". Ngale nto ke ulahla ukubekwa kanye kwenkqubela phambili yaseYurophu.
Impikiswano evela INgcwele uManuel Bueno, umfeli-nkolo
U-langela Carballino ngumhleli webali likaDon Manuel Bueno, i-plebano yedolophu encinci ahlala kuyo, uValverde de Lucerna. Ukulandelelana kweziganeko kubangela ukuba umfundisi weparishi athathwe ngokuba "yingcwele ephilayo, eyenziwe ngenyama negazi" kunye nomkhonzi kaThixo. Ngothando olungenamiqathango kunye nokuzinikezela ukuthuthuzela abasesichengeni, ukunceda "wonke umntu ukuba afe kakuhle."
Ngenye imini umntakwabo Angela, uLázaro, umntu ocinga ngokukhululekileyo notyekelo lokuchasa ukuba ngumfundisi, ubuyela edolophini. Nangona ukuqala kukaLázaro ukungathandi uDon Manuel kwajika kwaba kukuncoma emva kokuziva engakwazi ukuzikhanyeza. Kodwa umbingeleli unecala elifihliweyo; ngokuqinisekileyo akakholelwa kuye. Unqwenela unaphakade, kodwa ukuswela kwakhe ukholo kumenza angakwazi ukuqonda uvuko lomzimba.
Ukugwetyelwa
UDon Manuel uxela imfihlo yakhe ngokuchanekileyo eLázaro kwaye lo u-Angela. Ucacisa indlela aziphethe ngayo ngenjongo yakhe yokugcina "uxolo phakathi kwabathembekileyo." Ukhetha ukugcina imfundiso ethuthuzelayo yokuphila emva kokufa amarhamente ukuze angabaphazamisi. Emva koko, uLázaro uthatha isigqibo sokurhoxa kwimibono yakhe eqhubela phambili, enze ngathi uyaguqula kwaye uyasebenzisana nomsebenzi wobutata.
Emva kweminyaka embalwa, UDon Manuel uyasweleka-engakhange aphinde alufumane ukholo lwakhe- eneempawu ezoneleyo zokuzukiswa. NguAngela noLázaro kuphela abakwaziyo imfihlo yakhe. Okokugqibela, xa uLázaro esweleka, uAngela uphela ezibuza ngentlawulelo yabathandekayo bakhe.
Iithiyori zefilosofi
Ngokubanzi, Ubuchule bendalo bukaMiguel de Unamuno ngokucacileyo bukhona kumlinganiswa. Ivavanya ukuthobela kwenkululeko yoluntu ngokwembono yomntu ngamnye, apho umntu ngamnye anoxanduva lwezigqibo zakhe. Ke ngoko, indoda yase-Unamuni ayicebisi yonke into kwizinto zangaphambili ezinokubeka okanye ukumisela kwangaphambili indlela yayo.
Ukufana phakathi kuka-Unamuno kunye nabalinganiswa bakhe
Umlingiswa kaDon Manuel unqwenela ukukholelwa kunaphakade kwaye azikhulule elukholweni, kuba esoyika imeko yakhe yokufa. Ngendlela enye, U-Unamuno wayenxulumana nengcinga yakhe yokudlulela ngaphaya kwezenzo zakhe, amava kunye nokuzinikezela kwabanye. Kodwa ukukrokra okufunyenwe kwisizathu kuhlala kubonakala njengesilayi esingenakuphepheka kwindlela yakhe yokomoya.
Ekugqibeleni ukuba inkxwaleko yenkolo yoyiswa ngu-Unamuno ngokwakhe ngongcwalazi lweentsuku zakhe ngo-agnosticism oqiqayo endaweni yoko. Okwangoku, usindiso luya kufumaneka kwabo banqwenela ukufikelela kuThixo. Ngesi sizathu-ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo e-a-biblical allusions (nokuba ngqo, okubhaliweyo okanye ngokungangqalanga) zibaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini.
Umbuzo wesazisi?
Amagama akhethwe ngu-Unamuno kwi UDon Manuel Bueno, umfeli-nkolo Chaza iindima zomlinganiswa ngamnye kwisicatshulwa. UAngela- Ingelosi ngumthunywa. UDon Manuel - uEmmanuel, umsindisi. ULazaro, kubhekiswa kuye ngendlela efanayo kumfanekiso weBhayibhile (oshiya ubugqwetha ukuze azinikele kubomi benkolo). Nditsho nembonakalo yedolophu, ichibi kunye neenduli ziye zamntwiswa, zinomphefumlo.
Quote nguMiguel de Unamuno.
UDon Manuel uhlala erhaxwa kwingxaki yesazisi engapheliyo, isiqu sakho sangaphakathi ngokuchasene nokuchazwa koluntu esakhelwe abanye. Nangona kunjalo, enkosi kumfundisi, amarhamente avakalelwa kukuba akukho nasinye isizathu sokuxengaxenga elukholweni. Abathembekileyo abathandabuzi ukuba bakwikhondo elifanelekileyo. Baqinisekile ukuba basindisiwe.
INgcwele uManuel Bueno, umfeli-nkolo: Umsebenzi wobugcisa kuyo yonke indlela yokubonisa
Ithuba lokungcwaliswa liba sithuthi esingisa kukungafi kukaDon Manuel. Ngokulandelanayo, Iintshukumo zomlinganiswa ophambili zifumana ukubaluleka okungunaphakade njengoko zibekwe kuthando olungenamiqathango. Ukuzincama okuncinci nokungazicingeli xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo ezixabiseke ngokwenene: ukuzola kwabahlali belali.
Ke ngoko, Ubukrelekrele buka-Unamuno bubonakala xa ebonisa ngendlela engamanzi ukuphikisana okukhulu komntu. Ngendlela yokuxhasa ubumoya njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zempucuko kunye nenkqubela phambili. Kuyintandabuzo njengento ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni ngokomoya nangokomoya njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yoluntu lwangoku.