Iintsomi

Iintsomi zihlala zinxulumene namabali abantwana. Kodwa inyani kukuba ezi azijoliswanga kuzo kuphela. Abantu abadala banokufumana iincwadi zeentsomi ezijolise kubo.

Kwaye sisibonelelo soncwadi esisebenza ngokufanelekileyo sokwenza abafundi bacinge, babonakalise kwaye ekugqibeleni benze izigqibo. Kodwa, Ziintoni iintsomi? Ziintoni iimpawu zabo? Ngaba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo? Konke oku nokunye okuninzi koku siza kuthetha ngako namhlanje.

Ziintoni iintsomi

Ngokwe-RAE (iRoyal Spanish Academy), iintsomi zi amabali amafutshane ayintsomi, kwiprozi okanye kwivesi, enenjongo yokufundisa okanye yokugxeka ebonakaliswa ekuziphatheni kokugqibela, nalapho abantu, izilwanyana kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo zingenelela. Kule meko, kwaye silandela inkcazo, sinokufumana imiba yasentsomini, intsomi, ubudlelwane bobuxoki, njl.

Ngamanye amagama, sithetha nge ibali okanye ibali elifutshane elibalisa ibali elinabalinganiswa abafikelela esiphelweni apho bafunda khona kubo, Oko kukuthi, kukho isigqibo malunga noko kwenzekileyo koko kuye kwafundwa, kwaviwa okanye kwahlelwa.

Imvelaphi

Imvelaphi yesi sixhobo soncwadi ayaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye Amacwecwe odongwe avela kwixesha laseMesopotamiya apho kukho izikhombisi zeentsomi. Ngokukodwa, la macwecwe aqulathe ibali leempungutye ezinobuqhetseba, iindlovu ezinekratshi kunye neenja ezingonwabanga. Ngenxa yokuba yayingamathala eencwadi esikolo, kucingelwa ukuba ayesetyenziselwa ukufundisa abantwana.

Sele kubudala bamaGrike, kuyaziwa ukuba intsomi yokuqala yayingu "The Fable of the Nightingale." Oku kwaxelwa nguHesiod ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC ngenjongo yokubenza bacinge ngobulungisa. Abanye ababusebenzise obu buncwane, nangona kungakhange kubhekiswe kubo njenge "iintsomi" yayinguHomer, uSocrates, okanye u-Aesop (esazi uninzi lwazo namhlanje).

Njengoko ilizwe liqhubela phambili, kumaXesha Aphakathi Iintsomi zaba sesinye sezixhobo zokuthanda ukubalisa. Ngaphezulu kwako konke, zazisetyenziswa ngabefundisi ukuzama ukufundisa abantu ngokuziphatha nangokulula.

Nangona kunjalo, kwakungekho kude kube ngu-Renaissance ukuba iintsomi zibe "novuthondaba." Ngapha koko, abantu abanjengoLeonardo da Vinci babhala incwadi yeentsomi; okanye uGuillaume Guéroult, uJean-Pons-Guillaume Viennet, uJean de La Fontaine (owokugqibela owaziwayo) ...

Iimpawu zeentsomi

Phakathi kweempawu ezinazo iintsomi, unokujonga oku kulandelayo:

Isakhiwo esichazwe kakuhle

Kule meko, oovimba basekwe kumacandelo amathathu: ukungqiba, apho abalinganiswa bazakwaziswa kwaye babenakho ukubona ukuba yintoni echaza okanye ebonakalisa iimpawu zabo; ubunzima, Kulapho iyelenqe livela kwinqanaba lokukukhokelela kwingxaki ngokwayo; kunye nesiphumo, apho kukho isiphumo, esilungileyo okanye esingalunganga, malunga nokusonjululwa okanye okwenzekileyo kwingxaki.

Esicritura Iintsomi

Ezi zibhalwe ngeprose okanye ivesi, akufuneki zisebenzise ifom ethile. Into eyaziwayo kukuba kufuneka babe amabali amafutshane, Oko kukuthi, ulwandiso olufutshane.

Kuhlala kukho ukugxekwa okanye isimilo

Zonke iintsomi zihlala zinefayile ye- ukugxekwa malunga nokuziphatha okuthile, okanye isimilo, oko kukuthi, ingcebiso okanye isimilo esifanelekileyo. Le ndlela yokuziphatha ihlala ibinzana, isitanza, into ebambekayo nenokukhunjulwa ngokulula.

Kukho phantse rhoqo umbalisi

Inani le umbalisi ngulowo uxela okwenzekayo kubalinganiswa. Ke, uba ngumntu obalulekileyo ukuze athathele ingqalelo, kuba abalinganiswa ngokwabo banxibelelana kuphela ngexesha elinikiweyo, ngumbalisi obeka yonke into kwimeko.

Oku akuthethi ukuba omnye wabalinganiswa unokuba ngumbalisi ngokwakhe. Umzekelo, ibali lomlinganiswa oxelela omnye ibali lakhe.

Iindidi zeentsomi

Amaxesha amaninzi, sihlela iintsomi ngokufanayo. Kodwa inyani kukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zazo. Ngokukodwa, unokufumana ezi-7 ezahlukeneyo, zezi zilandelayo:

• Iintsomi zezilwanyana. Zizezona zixhaphakileyo, apho ubudlelwane busekiwe phakathi kwezilwanyana, abantu, oothixo ... kodwa ke abalinganiswa abaziintloko zizilwanyana. Uninzi lwabo baneempawu zobuntu, ezinje ngokuba bayathetha, bacinga njalo njalo. kwaye zibekwe kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo ebantwini kunakwizilwanyana.
• Iintsomi zabantu. Ziyakwenzeka kwakhona, apho, kule meko, abantu bangabalinganiswa abaphambili bebali kunye nabo baxelela okwenzekayo kubo. Kule meko, abantu bayasebenzisana nabanye abantu, kunye nezilwanyana, kunye noothixo, izinto ezingenanto ... Ngokwenyani azikhawulelwanga kwabanye abalinganiswa.
• Iintsomi zobukumkani bezityalo. Njengakwangaphambili, kule meko abalinganiswa abaphambili zizityalo kwaye, njengezilwanyana, banikwa neempawu ezijolise ngakumbi ebantwini (njengokuthetha, ukuhamba, ukucinga ...).
• Iintsomi. Kwimeko yolu hlobo lwentsomi, uya kudibana noothixo abaphambili, oko kukuthi, baya kuba ngoothixo abanamandla abathi, nokuba banike izifundo ngobulumko babo, okanye bona ngokwabo bafunde okuthile kwabanye, nokuba zizilwanyana, abantu, abanye oothixo, njl. .
• Izinto ezingenayo. Nokuba zizinto okanye izinto, nazo ezi zinokuba yinxalenye yeentsomi. Kule meko, umzekelo unokuba liSoldier yeTin, ithoyizi engaphiliyo kodwa ebalisa ibali.
• Ukudibana. Ezi azaziwa kakuhle, kodwa lolunye uhlobo lwazo. Babhekisa kubalinganiswa abachasayo, oko kukuthi, kukho umlinganiswa ophambili kunye nomchasi kwaye ukuphela kwentsomi kusikhokelela ekubeni sibavuze abo baqhuba kakuhle kwaye bohlwaye omnye. Kule meko, akubalulekanga kangako ukuba ngubani umlinganiswa ophambili, kodwa kwenzeka ntoni kwaye ngakumbi isifundo sokugqibela, ngokubhekisele kwimbuyekezo yokulungileyo nokohlwaya okubi.
• Etiological. Olu hlobo lubhekisa kwezo zibhekisa kwiimeko zembali. Kule meko, abalinganiswa ngokwabo ababalulekanga njengeziganeko abazibalisa ngendlela enceda ukuba ibali laziwe kodwa ngendlela yokonwabisa ngakumbi.

Imizekelo yeentsomi

Okokugqibela, nantsi eminye imizekelo yeentsomi ezinokukunceda ufunde ngakumbi ngayo.

Umdlalo webhola ekhatywayo (uLeonardo da Vinci)

Kwakukho iqabunga lekhephu phezu kweliwa, xa wayecinga:

-Awuyi kundikholelwa ukuba ndinekratshi kwaye ndinekratshi ngokuba kwindawo ephezulu kangaka kuba lonke ikhephu liphantsi kunam? Ndimncinci kakhulu ukuba andikufanelanga ukuphakama, ngakumbi nangakumbi xa izolo ndibone into eyenziwe lilanga koogxa bam abathe, kwiiyure ezimbalwa, banyibilika. Kuya kufuneka ndiye ezantsi kwaye ndifumane indawo efanelekileyo yesayizi yam encinci.

Ibhola yaqala ukuhla entabeni, iqengqeleka kwikhephu. Xa esiya ezantsi, uya esiba mkhulu ngokuba mkhulu, kwaye ke ukugqiba kwakhe endulini, wabona ukuba ubukhulu bakhe bonyuke kakhulu. Kwaye, yile ndlela ibhola yayiyikhephu lokugqibela elathi lanyibilika ngayo ilanga ekupheleni kobusika.

UMvundla noFudo (Aesop)

Ngenye imini umvundla onekratshi nowakhawuleza wabona ufudo luhamba ecaleni kwendlela waza wasondela kuye. Umvundla waqala ukuhlekisa ngesinye isantya sokucotha kwesinye kunye nobude bemilenze yaso. Nangona kunjalo, ufudo lwaphendula lusithi luqinisekile ukuba nangona umvundla wawunesantya esikhulu, lwalunokuwuphumelela ugqatso.

Umvundla, uqinisekile ngokuphumelela kwawo kwaye ucinga umceli mngeni ongenakuphulukana nawo, wamkelwe. Bobabini bacele impungutye ukuba ichaze injongo, eyamkelekileyo, kunye nehlungulu ukuze lisebenze njengejaji.

Xa usuku lokhuphiswano lwafika, ekuqaleni komdyarho ufudo lwaphuma ngaxeshanye. Ufudo luqhubele phambili lungayeki, kodwa kancinci.

Umvundla wawukhawuleza kakhulu, kwaye ngokubona ukuba unoncedo olukhulu kunofudo, wagqiba kwelokuba eme kwaye aphumle amaxesha ngamaxesha. Kodwa ngesinye isihlandlo umvundla walala. Ufudo, kancinci kancinci, laqhubeka ukuqhubela phambili.

Uthe akuvuka umvundla, wafumanisa ukuba uFudo luzokuwela umgca wokugqibela. Nangona waqala ukubaleka, lalisele lihambile ixesha kwaye ekugqibeleni ufudo lwaphumelela ugqatso.

Ingonyama isothandweni (Samaniego)

Wayeyithanda ingonyama

kumalusikazi omhle,

wabuza ntoni emfazini wakhe

kuYise walusa ezidolophini.

Umntu owoyikayo kodwa onobuqili,

Uphendule le ilandelayo:

«Nkosi, kwisazela sam ndinqwenela

ngamana intombi yam ingafezekisa,

ke amahlwempu aqhelile

ungashiyi idlelo okanye isibaya sezimvu,

phakathi kweegusha ezilulamileyo kunye nemvana,

Ndiza kukrokrela ukuba unobundlobongela.

Nangona kunjalo, ndingathathela ingqalelo

ukuba uyavuma ukusika iinzipho zakho

kwaye ufake iifayile kumazinyo akho,

ke intombi yam iya kukubona ukuba mkhulu,

Izinto zobungangamsha, ezingezozoburhalarhume.

Injalo nengonyama ethambileyo ngothando,

kwaye indoda ilawula ukumshiya engaxhobanga,

khupha umlo omkhulu

kwafika izinja ezinesibindi

yile thamsanqa,

INgonyama engenakuzikhusela yabulawa.