Iimbongi ezili-9 ezidumileyo zaseSpain

Iimbongi ezinkulu ziye zazalwa kwiileta zeSpanishi. Ukukhetha ezona zibalulekileyo kunzima, ngoko kweli nqaku abanye ababhali ababalaseleyo kwimibongo Spanish baye bakhethwa. Nangona, ewe, njengoko ilukhetho, amagama abalulekileyo okanye ababhali beli xesha banokungabikho.

Ngokufanayo, kuye kwagqitywa ukuba kwenziwe uluhlu kuphela ngeembongi, kuba ababhali bafuna ukhetho olwahlukileyo.

ukhetho lweembongi

UFederico Garcia Lorca (1898-1936)

Ngokuqinisekileyo eli gama lelinye lawona aziwa kakhulu. Kuninzi okuthethiweyo ngomsebenzi wakhe nangombhali. Mhlawumbi ngenxa umgangatho woncwadi kunye nokubulawa kwakhe ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya yaseSpain kwasishiya sonke sizibuza ukuba yintoni enye enokuba ngumbhali uGarcía Lorca. Kuba uthathwa njengengqondi, nodumo kwihlabathi, owasweleka eneminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesibhozo. Ukongeza kwimibongo yakhe, umsebenzi wakhe weqonga wawubhiyozelwa kakhulu.

Wayeyinxalenye yesizukulwana sama-27, iqela leembongi ezabelana ngezimvo kunye nomgca wesitayile owathi kamva wahluka kancinci. Yayiyindlela yokuhlanganisa ezona mbongi zibalaseleyo zelo xesha ezazingaseyonxalenye yesizukulwana sika-'98 okanye i-Noucentisme. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, babelane nge-avant-garde kunye nomoya wokuvuselela.

UFederico García Lorca wayehlala rhoqo kwi-Residencia de Estudiantes eMadrid kwaye wabelane ngobuhlobo noLuis Buñuel kunye noSalvador Dalí. Isimbo sakhe silandela i-avant-garde yelo xesha kunye nezafobe, impembelelo yobufazi kunye nobomi belizwe buninzi.. Umsebenzi wakhe uzuze ukuthandwa okukhulu kwaye waphembelela ngokugqibeleleyo umsebenzi wamva wabanye ababhali; Ukongeza, uye waba kwaye uyaqhubeka engomnye wababhali abafundelwa kakhulu kwiincwadi zeSpanish. Eyona misebenzi mibongo ifanelekileyo: Umbongo kaCante jondo (1921) Ukuthandana kwamaGypsy (1928) Imbongi eNew York (1930) iisonnets zothando ezimnyama (1936).

Luhlaza ndifuna uluhlaza.

UMiguel Hernandez (1910-1942)

UMiguel Hernández wazalelwa e-Orihuela (Alicante) kwintsapho eyayiza kuqala ukubandezeleka kuqoqosho lwayo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu imbongi kwafuneka isishiye isikolo ukuze incede abazali bayo. Nangona kunjalo, Umdla wakhe kunye nomdla wokufunda wamkhokelela ekubeni afumane imibongo yakudala kwaye wapapasha imibongo yakhe kwiimagazini zasekhaya ezifana Idolophu yaseOrihuela. Kodwa wayeza kuxhuma eMadrid, apho wayeza kukhuhlana nabanye ababhali. Iimpembelelo zoncwadi eziveliswa lubudlelwane bakhe nababhali ziya kumnceda ukuba akhule njengombhali. Ukongeza ekuzinikeleni kwakhe kwimibongo yakhe, wayesebenza kakhulu ngentsebenziswano eyahlukeneyo yoncwadi nenkcubeko.

Ukongeza kwimibongo, wayesebenza nemidlalo yeqonga. UMiguel Hernández yenye yee-greats zoncwadi kwaye nayo usweleke emncinci kakhulu ngenxa yesifo sephepha esinganyangwa kakuhle entolongweni, apho wafika emva kokulwa kwimfazwe yamakhaya kwicala leriphabliki. Akuba ebanjiwe, isigwebo sentambo samiselwa, nangona satshintshwa saba yiminyaka engamashumi amathathu entolongweni. Kodwa egula njengoko wayegula, kungekudala wayeza kufela kwintolongo yaseAlicante.

Umsebenzi wakhe wawunxulunyaniswa nento ebizwa ngokuba "yimibongo yemfazwe", kodwa unemibhalo esondeleyo kunye nee-odes kubalimi.. Nangona wayengumbhali wesizukulwana sama-27, isitayile sakhe sahluke kancinci kwesalo lonke iqela. Ezinye zeengqokelela zakhe ezaziwayo zemibongo zezi Umbane ongapheliyo (1936) Umoya waselalini (1937) Umntu uyabetha (1938) okanye Incwadi yeeNgoma kunye neebhaladi zokungabikho (1938-1941).

Ngubani, ngubani owakhulisa imithi yomnquma?

UAntonio Machado (1875-1939)

Ukongeza kokubhala imibongo, uAntonio Machado wayekwangumbhali wemidlalo owaziwayo kunye nombalisi wamabali. Wayengowesizukulwana sika-98 kwaye ungumzalwana wembongi uManuel Machado.. Wafunda kwi-Institución Libre de Enseñanza kwaye wabandakanyeka kwihlabathi leencwadi zexesha lakhe, ejoyina amagcisa kunye nababhali eMadrid. Wayengunjingalwazi wolwimi lwesiFrentshi kwaye ukubaluleka kwakhe njengombhali ngesiSpanish kwamenza wangena kwiRoyal Academy of Language ngo-1927. Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya wahlala esebenzayo kwicala leriphabliki ebheja ekukhuseleni inkqubela phambili yenkcubeko. Wafa ngowe-1939 kamsinya nje emva kokuwela umda waseFransi, eCoillure.

Nangona isijwili sokufa komfazi wakhe omncinane sasimthwalisa nzima ixesha elide, uMachado wayeza kudibana nomfazi owamkhuthazayo kwindalo yakhe, uGuiomar odumileyo, awayenikela kuye imibongo yakhe emininzi. Isimbo sakhe saphenjelelwa licala lentanda-bulumko nelobukrelekrele elaliza kubunjwa ngokuhamba kwexesha kwimibongo yaseSpain.. Ngexesha lakhe, iRubén Darío yaseNicaragua yayiza kuba nempembelelo epheleleyo kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe. Ngokubhekiselele kumsebenzi wakhe wobubongo ugqamile Iindawo zeCastile (1912) kunye Ubungangamsha, iigalari kunye neminye imibongo (1919).

Vuma umhlaba wam ophosa iintyatyambo kuYesu wentlungu.

UJuan Ramon Jimenez (1881-1958)

Ngo-1956 uJuan Ramón Jiménez wawongwa ngeBhaso leNobel kuLuncwadi. Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya wagqiba kwelokuba alishiye iSpeyin waza wahlala phakathi kweUnited States, Cuba nePuerto Rico, apho wayeza kufela khona. Umfazi wakhe, uZenobia, wayenendima ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi wakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iimpembelelo zakhe zivela kwisimboli saseFransi, i-modernism kunye noRubén Darío. Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe uye wahluka kulo lonke uhambo olunzulu loncwadi, ehamba phakathi imvakalelo kunye ne-melancholy, ukubaluleka kunye nokugqithisela kokomoya, ubuhle kunye nentsingiselo yokufa.

umsebenzi wakhe kwiprozi UPlatero kunye nam (1914) ngomnye owaziwa kakhulu kwaye okhethekileyo kumbhali. Eyona ncwadi yakhe idumileyo yemibongo ngokuqinisekileyo Ubulolo obunomdla (1911), nangona ekwagqamile ngenxa yobuhle bakhe; kwaye ekubeni umsebenzi wakhe ubanzi, ukhetho kunye ne-anthologies eyenziwe ngomsebenzi wakhe wemibongo inokugxininiswa ngokukodwa.

Uzondivisa kabuhlungu ntoni?

UGustavo Adolfo Becquer (1836-1870)

Wayengumbhali weprose wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kunye nembongi, i-exponent yeSpanish Romanticism. Wazalelwa eSeville unyana wosapho lwemvelaphi yaseFlemish, abarhwebi kunye nabapeyinti. Waphenjelelwa kakhulu bubugcisa kwaye kwasebuncinaneni bakhe waba nesakhono sobugcisa ekuzobeni, ukupeyinta nomculo.. Olu qeqesho lokugqibela luya kuba sisiseko kwiincwadi zakhe. Ngandlel’ ithile wayiqamba imibongo yakhe njengoko wayesenza iingoma. Kodwa u-Bécquer wayeza kuba ngumbhali odumileyo esimaziyo ononcwadi olumalunga nokuchasana awakufumanayo ebomini bakhe. Waguliswa sisifo sephepha esemncinane kakhulu, isifo esasiza kumbulala..

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubhalo lwakhe lwahlulwe phakathi koluphakamileyo noludumileyo, kodwa bubuntununtunu bakhe obuya kubandakanya umsebenzi wakhe wonke. Indalo kunye nothando lweplatonic, oluphefumlelwe ngabafazi abohlukeneyo ebomini bakhe, luya kuba neminye imixholo ebalulekileyo kunye nezixhobo emsebenzini wakhe. Ngokufanayo, cUbuyekeza kakuhle kakhulu isakhono sakhe sokubalisa ngentetho yombongo kokona kubaluleke kakhulu kwindalo yakhe, Iingoma y Iintsomi.

Ungumbongo.

UFrancisco de Quevedo (1580-1645)

UFrancisco de Quevedo wayengowentsapho ebekekileyo kwaye wafunda kwiYunivesithi yaseAlcalá de Henares. Ukongezelela ekubeni ngumbhali, wayeneendima ezahlukeneyo kwezopolitiko zexesha lakhe. Ngokwasemzimbeni, wayebalasele ngokuba sisiqhwala nokuba neengxaki ezinzulu zamehlo. Ubutshaba bakhe kunye neengxabano zobukrelekrele bakhe nomnye wababhali abakhulu beBaroque yaseSpain, uLuis de Góngora, wayesaziwa kwasekuqaleni.. Noko ke, walondoloza ulwalamano olungeluhle namanye amalungu eNkundla yaseCastilian yaye wabandakanyeka kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezamkhokelela entolongweni kangangexesha elithile.

Umsebenzi wobubongo kaQuevedo ngumngeni ophakamileyo kubukrelekrele bomfundi. Izele ngezafobe, iineologisms, iipuns, imifanekiso yeemvakalelo, okanye iimbekiselo zasentsomini ezithi endaweni yokuchithekela kumbongo, zidale ubutyebi obucacileyo.. UFrancisco de Quevedo ngumzekelo wombhali weSpanish Golden Age, elinye lawona maxesha abalaseleyo oncwadi lwethu. Lo mbhali waziwa ngokuphuhlisa i-conceptism, isimbo soncwadi esiphumeza ngazo zonke ezi zixhobo ukwenza lula ingcamango enkosi kumanyano lweembono. Into ebonakala idityanisiwe okanye ihombise ngokwenene idibanisa iingcamango ngokuchanekileyo. Kumsebenzi wakhe iisonnets zakhe, imibongo yakhe ehlekisayo kunye nombongo wakhe othi "Uthando oluqhubekayo ngaphaya kokufa" zidume kakhulu..

Baya kuba luthuli, nothando ngakumbi uthuli.

ULuis de Gongora (1561-1627)

ULuis de Góngora, iqabane lenkulungwane kunye noQuevedo, naye wayeyazi indlela yokwahlukana noncwadi lwakudala enkosi ngolwimi lwakhe olutsha. Ndifunda kwiYunivesithi yaseSalamanca. Wazalelwa kwintsapho efumileyo yaye wayengumlumbuzi kwicawa yecawa yaseCórdoba waza kamva waba ngumfundisi kaKumkani uFelipe III.. Phezu kwako nje konke oku, wayesoloko efuna ubutofotofo bemali. Ukongeza, wayengcikivwa ngenxa yenkcitho yakhe kunye nesimilo sakhe esibi ngenxa yezikhundla zonqulo awayenazo.

Ukuba i-Quevedo yayiyi-exponent ye-conceptism, UGóngora umele iculteranismo, omnye umgca wemibongo weSpanish Golden Age. Ikwaphawuleka ngokutyeba kwayo okucacileyo kunye nobuchule bemithombo yoncwadi; nangona kunjalo, imo yombongo (ukusetyenziswa kwamagama kunye nesakhiwo sezivakalisi) yayibaluleke ngakumbi kunomxholo okanye umyalezo ngokwawo. Eyona misebenzi yakhe ibalulekileyo yile Ipolyphemus y Ubunzima, iincwadi zakudala zoncwadi lwendalo yonke lweeleta zeSpanishi. Ikwaqaqambisa i Intsomi yePyramus kunye neThisbe. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, uGóngora wayengomnye wababhali ababalaseleyo baseSpain ngalo lonke ixesha kwaye ngenxa yobuchule bakhe usabeka isantya kunye noFrancisco de Quevedo kwimibongo yangoku.

Ehlabathini, emsi, eluthulini, emthunzini, akukho nto.

Lope de Vega (1562-1635)

Wazalelwa eMadrid, kwintsapho ethobekileyo. Kwasebutsheni bakhe waqalisa ukufunda nokufundisisa namaJesuit. Waqala nokuqamba iitekisi zakhe zokuqala esengumntwana. ULope de Vega wagcina ubomi beemvakalelo ezisebenzayo; Wayenabantwana abalishumi elinesihlanu bebonke ababhaliweyo, phakathi kwenzala esemthethweni kunye neyangaphandle. Le isenokuba yenye yeenkalo zobomi bakho ezibalasele kakhulu. Iingxaki zakhe zesiketi zamkhokelela elubhacweni kangangexesha elithile kwaye wadibanisa ukubhala kunye nomkhosi waselwandle. Wayesebenzela izidwangube ezahlukahlukeneyo zisenza umsebenzi wolawulo, kodwa kuyinyaniso ukuba kwakufuneka asebenze nzima ukuze ondle bonke abantwana bakhe. Umsebenzi wakhe njengombhali wawubanzi kakhulu..

IyeyeGolden Age kwaye ikwaneengxabano zayo noyena mbhali ubalaseleyo kulwimi lwesiCastilian, uMiguel de Cervantes. Ukungavisisani phakathi kwezi ngxilimbela zeentsiba kwakuxhaphakile ngelo xesha. Nangona eyaziwa ngokukodwa ngemidlalo yakhe, imibongo kaLope de Vega yenye yezona zibalaseleyo kuncwadi lweSpanish. Iisonethi zakhe ngowona msebenzi wakhe ubalulekileyo, kodwa nezicengcelezo zakhe nazo zibalasele.. Emva kwengxaki ekhoyo kunye nokusweleka komfazi wakhe wokugqibela kunye nonyana wakhe amthandayo ULope de Vega wagqiba ekubeni abe ngumfundisi. Zalo mzuzu zi Iingoma ezingcwele. Kwakhona kubalulekile Izicengcelezo zobuntu kunye noThixo nguMnu Burguillos.

Olu luthando, nabani na owaluzamayo uyayazi.

UYohane oNgcwele woMnqamlezo (1542-1591)

Wazalelwa eFontiveros (Ávila) kwaye wayeyimbongi yonqulo. Yayinguye owakhuthaza uhlaziyo loMyalelo weNenekazi Lethu leNtaba yeKarmele. Kwangaxeshanye wayengumseki we-Order of the Discalced Carmelites kunye noSaint Teresa kaYesu, inkxaso enkulu kuye. Wangcwaliswa ngowe-1726 nguPopu uBenedict XIII. Uye waba nefuthe kakhulu kumsebenzi wabanye ababhali belizwe nabamazwe ngamazwe kamva..

Wayengummeli omkhulu wemibongo engaqondakaliyo, esekupheleni kweRenaissance yaseSpain. Umsebenzi wakhe wemibongo umele uqondwe njengolandelelwano lwamava aphakamileyo onqulo. UYohane oNgcwele woMnqamlezo uguqula ukuthi cwaka kokucamngca kunye nomthandazo ube ngamazwi ngendlela elinganiselweyo kodwa engaqhelekanga. Owona msebenzi wakhe ubalulekileyo ngulo Ubusuku obumnyama, Ingoma yokomoya y idangatye eliphilayo lothando.

Hlala, undilibale, ubuso bam babuthe nca koThandwa.