Iileta zaseMorocco.
ICartas marruecas yincwadi yenqaku ebhalwe ngumbhali waseSpain kunye nomkhosi waseJosé Cadalso. Ishicilelwe ngo-1789, sesinye sezikhumbuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuncwadi lweIberia ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Kwangokunjalo, lo msebenzi ubonakalisiwe kuphuhliso lwebali lawo loqobo kunye nobugorha, ushiya ngasemva iiparadigms ezininzi zexesha lawo.
Enyanisweni, Abaphengululi abaninzi bajonga imigca yakhe, egcwele iprozi yanamhlanje, nangaphambi kwexesha labo. Kwenzeka into efanayo nakwibali, ngokusekwe kutshintshiselwano lweeleta (ezingama-90 zizonke) phakathi kwabalinganiswa abathathu ababaliweyo. Nangona impikiswano ibonisa uhlalutyo olungenanjongo, luhlobo olusebenzayo kakhulu kwimeko eyayiseSpain ngelo xesha.
Umbhali, uJosé Cadalso
Ubomi obufanelwe yincwadi kunye nomdlalo bhanyabhanya
UJosé Cadalso y Vásquez de Andrade wazalelwa eCádiz, eAndalusia, ngo-Oktobha 8, 1741. Ngokudabukisayo, umama wakhe wasweleka ngexesha lokubeleka kwaye utata wakhe wadibana naye xa wayeneminyaka eyi-13.. Lo yayingusomashishini osisityebi onomdla eMelika, exakeke kakhulu ukuwela iAtlantic kwaye angcwabe umfazi wakhe okanye anakekele unyana wakhe.
Utata ongumJesuit uMateo Vásquez, umalume ngephiko loomama, wayemkhathalele ebuntwaneni. Emva kwexesha, wafudukela eParis ukuya kuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe (kwikomkhulu laseFrance ekugqibeleni wadibana notata wakhe). Kamva, Waye wakhenketha iNetherlands, i-Itali kunye neJamani, de wazinza notata wakhe eLondon.
Indoda "yehlabathi"
Ukuhamba rhoqo kwiidolophu ezininzi zaseYurophu kunika uCadalso umbono wobomi. Ukongeza, wazibonela kumntu wokuqala i-zenith yokucinga okukhanyiselweyo. Ngenxa yoko, uYosefu oselula waba yindoda enengqiqo.
Le ndlela "yokuqhubela phambili" yeengcinga yamzisela ukungqubana okunzima noyise.. Kungenxa yokuba - njengalo lonke elaseSpain - utata wakhe wamkela iinjongo "ezindala". Ngawaphi amava akhethekileyo ngaphezulu kolwazi olufunyenweyo.
Ngobizo lwamaJesuit?
Umlo wokuqala phakathi kotata nonyana wakhe wawubangelwa kuku-odolwa kwabokuqala kwinzala yakhe ukuba ifunde eSeminario de Nobles de Madrid. Yayiliziko elinjongo yalo iphambili yayikukulungiselela abantu abancinci imisebenzi yolawulo, kude nakulo naluphi na ubizo lobugcisa kunye nokuyila.
Ukubaleka esi "sohlwayo", uCadalso wazenza ngathi unomdla kuqeqesho njengomfundisi wamaJesuit. Eneneni, yayiliqhinga elililo; Uyise walahla le nkolo kwaye wayibuyisela "ekukhanyeni." Ke, wayehlala inqanaba lesibini elisekwe "kwisixeko sothando." Wayehamba nelizwekazi ukuya kufunda iilwimi eziphilayo kunye nesiLatini (ulwimi olwalungasasetyenziswa ngaloo minyaka).
Ukuphela kwe-idyll
UJosé Cadalso.
Ukusweleka kukatata wakhe ngo-1761, xa umfana owayenemifanekiso wayeneminyaka engama-21 kuphela, waye "lubizo eMhlabeni". Ubuyele eSpain wayokufumana iindaba eziphazamisayo: ubutyebi bukayise obudala babunyamalele ... Ngaphandle kwelifa, wagqiba kwelokuba ajoyine umkhosi. Lo yayingumnqweno wakhe omdala xa wayekwishumi elivisayo, evotelwa okokuqala ngutata wakhe (khange ahlangane namadoda ezingalweni).
Ukusukela ngoko ukuya phambili wadibanisa ezothando kakhulu kunye nomsebenzi wakhe wokubhala kunye nomsebenzi wezomkhosi. Ngenxa yokugqibela, UCadalso wasweleka ngaphambi kwexesha ngo-1782, ulixhoba lesiqhushumbisi eyambetha etempileni ngelixa wayesilwa e-Gibraltar.
Uhlalutyo Iileta zaseMorocco
Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Iileta zaseMorocco
Umxholo
Ubusuku beGloomy y Iileta zaseMorocco zimele ayidibanisi ne-ultra kubugcisa bokubhala bukaJosé Cadalso. Ngenxa yeemeko ezichazwe kumhlathi odlulileyo, yomibini le misebenzi yapapashwa emva kokuba efile kwaye ngezavenge. Iposi labangaboniyo I-de Madrid yayingumntu ophetheyo ekwenzeni le misebenzi ibalaseleyo yaziwe lihlabathi.
U-colonel-wayesandul 'ukufumana esi sikhundla kwiintsuku nje phambi kokuba asweleke- wavelisa incwadi yakhe yamabali eyaziwayo phakathi konyaka we-1773 nowe-1774. Akazange akwazi ukoyisa ukubekelwa bucala kwelo xesha kwaye, ngenxa yoko, wayengenalo ithuba lokonwabela impumelelo yakhe ebomini.
Iingoma eziphazamisayo
Emva kobukhulu beSpanish Golden Age, kamva uncwadi lwesiSpanish lwangena kumngxuma othile.. Emva kobukrelekrele bababhali abanjengoLope de Vega, uPedro Calderón de la Barca, uFrancisco de Quevedo, uTirso de Molina okanye uSor Juana Inés de la Cruz (phakathi kwabanye), “ibingokwemvelo” ukuba inqanaba elilandelayo labonwa “njengelizinzileyo ”.
kunjalo, Iileta zaseMorocco usebenze njengesicelo esingaqhelekanga sokufaka iileta zaseSpain kwakhona. Enkosi ngokudibanisa okugqibeleleyo uhlobo epistolary Ukucacisa ngakumbi, kunye neyona nto ifihlakeleyo yeprose egcwele amanani amabali.
Abalinganiswa
Umlinganiswa ophambili nguGazel, oselula waseMorocco osuka kusapho oluhambileyo kwaye usandula ukufika eSpain ngeholide.. Uzixabisile zonke iimeko azigcinayo ngokungagungqiyo kwaye uzabalazela ukungaphazanyiswa zizigwebo zangaphambili. Oku kuziphatha kubangelwe yinxalenye enkulu katitshala wakhe, uBen Beley, ahlala ethe qwa kuwo onke amava akhe.
Ukucaphula nguJosé Cadalso.
Ngesi sizathu, uBheley unebhongo ngeenzame zakhe zomcebisi ukoyisa naziphi na izimvo ezingacacanga okanye ezandulelayo. Kwelinye icala, UNunoñ, waseSpain okhulile, ugqiba isigxina sabathumeli kunye nabathumeli. Lo mlinganiswa umele imeko eqhubekayo yombhali, umthandi onyanisekileyo wenyaniso, enokholo oluncinci kubantu bakowabo, kodwa engumkhuseli ongakhathali welizwe.
Ukunyanzelwa
Umbhali weAndalusi Khange akwazi ukubona umsebenzi wakhe upapashwa ebomini bakhe ngenxa yokugxekwa okuqatha koluntu lwaseIberia olubonakaliswe kwezinye iivesi Iileta zaseMorocco. Emva kokuhlala eParis naseLondon, kunye nokuzibonela ngawakhe amehlo inkqubela phambili yeengcinga zabantu kwiindawo zaseNtaliyane naseJamani, ukubuyela kwakhe eSpain kwakuphantse kwabangela usizi.
Ukuncamathiselwa kwesizwe saseIberia kwiingcamango zangaphambili- kwaye kwagqitha phantse kuyo yonke iYurophu- yeyona nto yayihlasimlisa iCadalso. Ayothusi into yokuba esi sikhundla simenze wangqubana notata wakhe (wasasazwa embindini "weencwadana zakhe"). Ngokunjalo, ibiyimbono edelekileyo ngamacandelo olondolozo kunye namasiko, nangona ixesha liphelile lingqina ukuba lilungile.