UWilliam Shakespeare uyadlala

Imisebenzi kaWilliam Shakespeare bubuncwane kuncwadi lwehlabathi; le ndoda Wayeyimbongi yaseBritane, umbhali wemidlalo yeqonga kunye nomdlali weqonga owayehlala phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX. Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo yenkcubeko yemisebenzi yakhe igqithile kwiminyaka. Namhlanje uthathwa njenge icon yezobugcisa, iileta kunye nenkcubeko edumileyo yaseNtshona. Kukho abo banaye njengoyena mbhali ubalulekileyo wexesha lonke kulwimi lwesiNgesi.

Imidlalo kaShakespeare idlala umdlalo, umdlalo wembali kunye nentlekele. Ezi ziyinxalenye yesiko lemidlalo yeqonga likaElizabethan, kodwa zivelele phakathi kwabanye ababhali ngomgangatho wazo nokubaluleka kwazo. Ubukhulu bakhe bulele ekusetyenzisweni kwenoveli kolwimi, nakwimeko yokungqinisisa, ubuqhetseba kunye neyabalinganiswa abenzileyo.

UWilliam Shakespeare kunye nokunyaniseka kwelifa lakhe

Ezi zinto zichazwe ngasentla zigcine iziqwenga zikaWilliam Shakespeare, amabinzana kunye nabalinganiswa bephila ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo imisebenzi yokubhala kwakhe iye yabakhuthaza abanye ababhali, Abaculi beplastiki, abadanisi, abadlali beqonga kunye nabenzi beefilimu. Ngapha koko, indalo yakhe iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi. Kwakhona wabhala iisonethi kunye nemibongo.

Kusekho ingxoxo namhlanje malunga nokubhalwa kwamaqhekeza akhe. Oku kuthethwa ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba imvelaphi kaShakespeare engeyoyasebukhosini ayihambelani nomgangatho kunye nobutyebi bokubhala kwakhe. Kukwathiwa ngoba bambalwa oovimba ababhaliweyo abaxhasa imicimbi yobomi bakhe. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabagxeki bathi imisebenzi yakhe yenziwa ngumbhali omnye ogama linguWilliam Shakespeare, owayekwangumlingisi kunye nomnini-mbambisene wenkampani eyaziwayo yemidlalo yeqonga eLondon ebizwa ngokuba yi-Lord Chamberlain's Men.

I-Biography

Ukuzalwa nosapho

UWilliam Shakespeare wazalelwa kwidolophu yaseStratford-upon-Avon ngo-Epreli 23, 1564, okanye ngomhla othile osondele kwinyanga enye. Kukho ukuqiniseka malunga nokubhaptizwa kwakhe, okwenzeka nge-26 ka-Epreli waloo nyaka kwiCawe yoBathathu Emnye oyiNgcwele eStratford.

Wayengunyana womtshato owenziwe nguJohn Shakespeare kunye noMary Arden, umrhwebi onokubaluleka okuthile kwindawo ahlala kuyo kunye nendlalifa yomnini mhlaba ongumKatolika.

Izifundo

Kukholelwa ukuba ebuntwaneni bakhe wayefunda eStratford Grammar School, kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi awayefikelela kuyo ngenxa yokuma kwabazali bakhe. Ukuba le ngcinga iyinyani, apho wafunda isiLatin nesiNgesi esihambele phambili kwaye wafunda uncwadi lwamandulo lwakudala.

Eminye imfundo yakhe ithathwa njengezimeleyo, ngeencwadi ezivela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo.. Ngenxa yoko, iingcali ezininzi zazicinga ukuba uWilliam Shakespeare uneemeko ezikhethekileyo zokuqonda ngaphezulu kwenani labemi. Obu buchule bamenzela udumo, kodwa baninzi neentshaba.

umshado

Kwiminyaka eyi-18 (ngo-1582) umbhali watshata no-Anne Hathaway, intombi yomfama wasekhaya. Abantwana abathathu bazalwa kumanyano. Kucingelwa ukuba wayenemicimbi emininzi engaphandle komtshato, kwaye nokuba uShakespeare wayelifanasini. Ayikho enye into eyaziwayo ngokuthe ngqo kulutsha kumdlali odlalayo.

Ukufudukela eLondon kunye nokujoyina inkampani yamadoda akwaNkosi Chamberlain

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1880 umbhali wafudukela eLondon. Ngo-1592 wayesele enandipha udumo oluthile kunye nokwamkelwa njengomdlali weqonga kunye nomdlali odlalayo kwimidlalo yesixeko. Ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe eLondon wabhala kwaye wenza inkulumbuso kwimidlalo yakhe yeqonga, waduma kwaye wonwabela ukuchuma kwezoqoqosho.

Malunga neminyaka leyo wajoyina inkampani yamadoda e-Lord Chamberlain, enye yezona zidumileyo ngelo xesha kwaye zaxhaswa sisithsaba..

Buyela eStanford kunye nokufa

Phakathi kuka-1611 no-1613 wabuyela eStratford, apho wajongana neengxaki zomthetho ezinxulumene nokuthengwa komhlaba. Usiba lombhali aluzange ligqibe ukudala, uShakespeare wayehlala ebonwa esenza imidlalo kunye nemibongo, imveliso yakhe yoncwadi yayintle.

UWilliam Shakespeare wasweleka ngo-1616, ngala mhla wokuzalwa kwakhe wama-52. (Ewe, ewe, ukuba ubalo malunga nomhla wokuzalwa kwakhe luchanekile).

Njengomsebenzi wento emnyama kakhulu kwaye ebuhlungu, unyana wakhe ekuphela kwakhe, ogama linguHamlet, wasweleka ebusaneni, kwaye oonyana beentombi zakhe babengenabantwana, ke akukho nzala iphilayo yomtshato kaShakespeare noHathaway.

UWilliam Shakespeare uyadlala

Imidlalo yakhe yeqonga ihlelwa njengezihlekisayo, iintlekele kunye nemidlalo yeembali.

Ezamahlaya

• Umdlalo weempazamo (1591)
• Amagosa amabini aseVerona (1591-1592)
• Ukuphulukana nomsebenzi wothando (1592)
• Ukuthanjiswa kweShrew (1594)
• Iphupha le-nigth yehlobo (1595-1596)
• Umrhwebi waseVenice (1596-1597)
• I-ado eninzi malunga nantoni na (1598)
• Njengokuba uthanda (1599-1600)
• Abafazi abonwabileyo baseWindsor (1601)
• Ubusuku bokumkani (1601-1602)
• Ukuya kwisiphelo esihle akukho siqalo sibi (1602-1603)
• Ukulinganisa umlinganiselo (1604)
• IiPericles (1607)
• ICymbaline (1610)
• Ibali lasebusika (1610-1611)
• Uqhwithela (1612)

Iintlekele

• UTito Andronicus (1594)
• Romeo y Julieta (1595)
• UJulius Caesar (1599)
• Hamlet (1601)
• ITroilus kunye neCressida (1602)
• Othello (1603-1604)
• UKumkani ophambili (1605-1606)
• Macbeth (1606)
• UAntony noCleopatra (1606)
• ICoriolanus (1608)
• Uncedo lweAthene (1608)

Iidrama zembali

• U-Edward III (1596).
• UHenry VI (1594)
• URichard III (1597).
• URichard II (1597).
• UHenry IV I-1598 - 1600
• UHenry V (1599)
• Ikumkani (1598)
• UHenry VIII (1613)

UShakespeare wabhala nemibongo. Kolu hlobo loncwadi, imibongo ebanzi yeentsomi ibalasele, umzekelo, UVenus kunye noAdonis y Ukudlwengulwa kukaLucrecia, kodwa, ngaphezu kwayo yonke, yabo Iisonethi (1609).

Inkcazo yeminye imisebenzi emele uShakespeare

Ukuthanjiswa kweShrew

Kuyinto ehlekisayo kwizenzo ezintlanu ezandulelwa yintshayelelo, apho kwathiwa iziganeko eziza kuphuhliswa zenza iqonga lemidlalo Uyakuvela phambi kwetampu enxilileyo, apho umntu onesidima anqwenela ukudlala ihlaya kuye. Le ntshayelelo (i-meta-theatre) igxininisa kumbukeli ngohlobo lwentsomi yebali.

Impikiswano esembindini yayiqhelekile kuncwadi nakwinkcubeko yomlomo yelo xesha, nakwimidlalo yaseNtaliyane: umfazi otyhafileyo nonemvukelo umyeni wakhe azama ukumenza mbuna. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhula kunye neempawu zabalinganiswa ezahluke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yangaphambili, ewe, ngenxa yokuthembeka kwepen yomakhi. Namhlanje sesinye seziqwenga ezithandwa kakhulu nguShakespeare.

Umlinganiswa ophambili kuye nguCatalina Minola, intombi engatshatanga eyintombi yesidwangube sasePadua. UCatalina uyabadelela abo bamangalelayo kwaye ucekisa umtshato. Ityala elahlukileyo ngudadewabo omncinci, uBlanca, oyintombazana emnandi nephuphayo enabafana abaninzi. Utata wabo ufuna ukutshata noCatalina kuqala ukuba ahloniphe amasiko, aphule iintliziyo zabafana bakaBlanca.

Ukufika kwePetruchio esixekweni, isoka likaCatherine, kukhupha uthotho lweemeko kunye nokudideka kwesazisi. Ekugqibeleni, indoda iyakwazi ukuthambisa isimilo sikaCatalina nesibindi kwaye imtshate. Lo msebenzi uye waba lukhuthazo lweenoveli ezininzi kunye nezihlekisi zothando kwiinkulungwane ezizayo.

Isiqwenga

"Umbutho: Andazi. Ndingathanda ukwamkela ikhazi lakhe kule meko: ukuba ndibethwe ntsasa nganye kwindawo yentengiso.

"Hortensio: Ewe, njengoko usitsho, akukho nto ingako unokuyikhetha phakathi kwama-apile amabi. Kodwa jonga: kuba esi sithintelo esisemthethweni sisenza abahlobo, masibe ngabahlobo de, emva kokunceda intombi enkulu kaBattista ukuba ifumane umyeni, sishiya omncinci ukuba afumane umyeni, emva koko siphinde silwe kwakhona. Mnandi uBianca! Unoyolo nabani na ophumeleleyo. Nabani na obaleka ngokukhawuleza ufumana umsesane. Ngaba uyavuma, umntu ongaphantsi Umbutho?

"Umbutho: Kulungile, ewe. Ndiza kunika elona hashe lam lilungileyo kulowo, ePadua, oqala ukukhupha owamazibulo, ukumkhuphela kude kube sekupheleni, ukumhlutha umhlaba, ukumlalisa ebhedini, nokukhulula ikhaya lakhe. Yiya!

(UGremio noHortensio bayaphuma. Ukuhlala kukaTranio kunye noLucenzio).

"Tranio:
Ndiyakucela, mnumzana, ndixelele ukuba kunokwenzeka
olo thando ngequbuliso lunamandla amakhulu.

"Lucenzio:
Ah, Tranio, ndade ndabona ukuba kuyinyani,
Andizange ndikholelwe ukuba kunokwenzeka okanye kunokwenzeka.
Mamela, ngelixa mna, ngokungakhathali, ndimjongile
Ndizive iimpembelelo zothando ngokungakhathali kwam.
Kwaye ngoku ndiyavuma ngokucacileyo kuwe
kuwe, osenyongweni kwaye othandekayo,
njengoko u-Anne wayeyinkosikazi yaseCarthage,
ukuba ndiyatshisa, ndiyatya kwaye ndiyafa ukuphumelela,
ulungile u-Tranio, uthando lwale ntombazana ithobekileyo.
Ndicebise, Tranio; Ndiyazi ukuba unako;
ndincede, Tranio; Ndiyazi uzakuyenza ".

Macbeth

Yenye yeentlekele ezaziwa kakhulu nezimnyama kumbhali wemidlalo yesiNgesi. Inezinto ezintlanu, kweyokuqala apho uMacbeth noBanquo baziswa khona, iinjengele ezimbini zaseScotland ekubonakala kuzo amagqwirha amathathu eprofetha ukuba omnye wabo uza kuba ngukumkani noyise wookumkani, ngokwahlukeneyo. Emva kwale ntlanganiso uMacbeth uqala ukutyiwa ngamabhongo kwaye azalisekise ikamva lakhe, abulale ukumkani, umhlobo wakhe uBanquo nabanye abaninzi xa esiya etroneni.

Umnqweno wamandla, ukungcatshwa, impambano kunye nokufa zezona zihloko ziphambili zomsebenzi. Ekugqibeleni uMacbeth usweleke ebulewe, emva kokunikezela nge-monologue edumileyo kubuvuvu bobomi. Yiyo loo nto zonke iziprofeto zizalisekiswa, kanye njengoko kwenzeka iintlekele zamaGrike.

Kwesi siqwenga iimpembelelo zikaSophocles kunye neAeschylus kwimisebenzi kaShakespeare zingaphezulu kokucacileyo. Ayisiyonto ingaqhelekanga le, umbhali wayefunda rhoqo kwaye ethanda uncwadi lwesiGrike, ngobungqondi balo.

Isiqwenga

"Umboniso wokuqala
(Indawo engenabantu, iindudumo nemibane zivakala. Kwaye kufika amagqwirha amathathu).

"Igqwirha lokuqala:
Sizophinda sidibane sobathathu? Nawuphi na umcimbi xa iindudumo nemibane zibetha, okanye xa kunethayo?

Igqwirha lesibini:
Emva kokuba idin iphelile, xa idabi lilahlekile kwaye liphumelele.

"Igqwirha Lesithathu:
Oko kuyakwenzeka lingekatshoni ilanga.

"Igqwirha lokuqala:
Siza kudibana phi?

Igqwirha lesibini:
Phakathi kwamatyholo.

"Igqwirha lesithathu
Apho siza kudibana noMacbeth.

"Igqwirha lokuqala
Ndiyahamba, raggedy!

"Zonke:
Okoyikisayo usibiza… kwangoko! Intle iyothusa kwaye intle ngemo eyoyikekayo: masibhabhe ngenkungu nomoya owonakeleyo.

(Bayahamba)".

Iisonethi

UShakespeare wabhala iisonethi ezininzi ngendlela yesiNgesi kwiminyaka eliqela. Ekugqibeleni zapapashwa, zashiywa, ngo-1609. Kwiinguqulelo zamva kwagqitywa ingxelo ecacileyo enemibongo eli-154.

Iisnethi zokuqala ezili-126 zibhekiswe kumfana oselula ongaziwayo, ezinye zisiya kwintokazi enenwele ezimnyama, ukanti ezinye zisiya kwimbongi “eyimbangi”. Umdibaniso uzinikele ku "Mnu. WH ”, umnumzana ongaziwayo, nangona kukho iithiyori ezininzi. Abalinganiswa abacula ilizwi lomculo, kunye nokungaqiniseki kokuzinikezela, bongeza kwimfihlakalo kunye nempikiswano ejikeleze iisonethi kunye nobomi bukaShakespeare ngokubanzi.

Izihloko ekuthethwa ngazo luthando, ulwazi ngokufa, ukuthanda usapho kunye nobuhle. Nangona kunjalo, iyenza ngendlela eyahluke kakhulu kubandulelayo nakwabo bexesha layo. Kule mibongo uShakespeare udlala ngeentlobo zabalinganiswa bakhe, enikezela eyona nto imnandi kunye nolonwabo kumfana endaweni yenenekazi, esenza isatires ecacileyo kunye nemibono yesini. Ngamanye amaxesha kuguqula ubume bendabuko besonnet yesiNgesi.

Ezi sonetshi ziguqulelwe phantse kuzo zonke iilwimi kwaye zaphinda zaphinda zashicilelwa.

Sonnet 1

"Sifuna ukuba zisasaze, ezona zidalwa zintle,

Uhlobo lwayo, kuba intyatyambo ayinakuze ife

kwaye xa umdala, ubola ngexesha

yandisa inkumbulo yakho, indlalifa yakho encinci.

Kodwa wena, uzinikele ngamehlo akho aqaqambileyo,

Utyisa idangatye, ukukhanya kwakho kunye nenqobo yakho,

kudala indlala, apho kukho intabalala.

Wena, utshaba lwakho, ukhohlakele emphefumlweni wakho.

Wena, olivumba elimnandi, uhombiso lweli hlabathi,

iflegi yodwa ebhengeza imithombo,

Kwikhokho yakho, ungcwaba uvuyo lwakho

kwaye wenza, stingy esimnandi, splurge ekubaweni.

Yiba nenceba kwihlabathi, okanye phakathi kwakho nengcwaba,

uyakukutya okukutya okuhle okukhoyo kweli hlabathi ”.