UJosé Ortega y Gasset

UJosé Ortega y Gasset yenye yezona zefilosofi zihamba phambili ukusuka kule mihla. Ukwengeza, kuthathwa njengelinye lawona mazwe anempembelelo kubantu abathetha iSpanish kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX kwaye okona kubalulekileyo "yingcinga" kwimbali yaseSpain. Kuba i-postulates yayo ihlala ikho yonke indawo ngaphakathi kwemigca yokucinga yekhulu elinethoba.

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo emsebenzini wakhe yayikukusondeza ukufundwa kwefilosofi kufutshane "noluntu ngokubanzi". Kude kwiifom eziqinisekisiweyo, imibhalo yakhe inokubhala ngokutyibilikayo okuvumela nawuphi na umfundi ukuba angene ngaphandle kwengxaki kwihlabathi leembono. Ngesi sizathu, isitayile sithelekiswa nabaphengululi abaninzi ngokulinganisela phakathi kobuhle kunye nokulula okuphunyezwe nguMiguel de Cervantes.

I-Biography

UJosé Ortega y Gasset wazalelwa eMadrid ngoMeyi 9, 1883, kwiintsapho ezinenkcubeko nezimi kakuhle. Inxalenye elungileyo yobuntwana bakhe wayichitha eMalaga, eAndalusia. KwiCosta del Sol waya kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi nasesekondari. Emva kwexesha, iYunivesithi yaseDeusto, eBilbao, kunye neCentral University yaseMadrid, zaba zindlu zabo zokufunda.

UJosé oselula wayengumfundi onesidima kakhulu, kangangokuba Kwiminyaka engama-21 kuphela ubudala, wayesele efumene i-Ph.D. KwiFilosofi. Ithisisi yakho ye-PhD, Uloyiko lonyaka amawaka, yayisisicatshulwa sentsomi ecaciswe ngendlela ephezulu kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, abaphengululi be-Ortega bahlala bewukhankanya lo msebenzi njengowokuqala wemisebenzi yakhe.

Ihlala inxulunyaniswa nobuntatheli

Ngokubanzi, usapho lukaJosé Ortega y Gasset lusoloko lunxibelelene ngokuqinileyo nomsebenzi wobuntatheli kunye nezopolitiko. Yayililifa eliqaliswe ngutatomkhulu wakhe, u-Eduardo Gasset kunye no-Artime, umseki wephephandaba Ukungakhethi buso. Emva kwexesha, eli thuba lalikhokelwa ngutata wakhe, uJosé Ortega Munilla. Imbali yeli phephandaba ayikho ncinane kwi-journalism yaseSpain.

Inkululeko evulekileyo, Ukungakhethi buso Yayenye yeenkampani zokuqala zabucala ukuba zingene "kushishino lolwazi." Oku kumele into entsha kudidi olukhe lwangqinelwa yimibutho yezopolitiko. Ngokulinganayo, “isiko losapho” laqhubeka nomnye woonyana bakaOrtega y Gasset, uJosé Ortega Spottoro, umseki El País.

Ubomi bokufunda

Phakathi kowe-1905 nowe-1910, uJosé Ortega y Gasset wajikeleza iJamani ukuze aqhubeke noqeqesho; yiyo loo nto ifumene impembelelo enamandla yeengcinga zeNeo-Kantian. Emva kokubuyela eSpain, waqala ukufundisa iiklasi kwizifundo zengqondo, iingcinga kunye nokuziphatha e-Escuela Superior del Magisterio eMadrid. Ubuyele kwi-alma mater yakhe eMadrid, ngeli xesha ukuba abe ngusihlalo we-metaphysics.

Kunye nemisebenzi yakhe yokufundisa-ngelixa wayekhulisa imisebenzi eza kuvela kwakamsinya nje emva kokumiselwa kwakhe okokuqala-wayecinga ngoxanduva lobuntatheli obukhulu kakhulu. Inyaniso, Ngo-1915 wathabatha ulwalathiso lweveki España. Olu papasho lubonakalise imeko ecacileyo ye-Allied ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu.

Ibango lodumo

Ngelo xesha wayekwangumnikeli kwiphephandaba laseMadrid Ilanga. Ngokuchanekileyo apho baya kuthi "baqale", ngohlobo lwee-serials, emibini yemisebenzi yakhe emele kakhulu: I-Invertebrate yaseSpain y Ukuvukela kobunzima. Eyokugqibela (epapashwe njengencwadi ngo-1929), Yeyona iye yaba yimpumelelo kakhulu kwikhathalogu kaJosé Ortega y Gasset ngokwendlela yokusasaza kunye nokuthengisa.

Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha:Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo

Ukuvukela kobunzima Iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezingaphezulu kwe-20 kwaye ithathwa njengomsebenzi obalulekileyo ngaphakathi kwe-anthropology kunye nefilosofi. Kungenxa yokuba kule ncoko umbhali uya kudlulisela eluntwini enye yezona ngcamango zixoxwa kakhulu kule nkulungwane yamva nje: "yobunzima bomntu". Omnye umsebenzi ongumfuziselo wawungu Indoda nabantu.

Ubomi bezopolitiko

Nje ukuba ubuzwilakhe buka-Primo de Rivera buphelile kwaye emva kokumiselwa kweRiphabhlikhi yesibini, uJosé Ortega y Gasset waqala umsebenzi omfutshane kodwa oqaqambileyo kwezopolitiko. Ngo-1931 wanyulwa njengosekela weeNkundla zeRiphabliki kwiPhondo laseLeón.

Kwakuloo nyaka, ngenjongo yokuthatha inxaxheba ekuphuculeni ilizwe, U-Ortega y Gasset, kunye neqela elikhulu lezifundiswa, baseka ukuQokelela kwiNkonzo yeRiphabliki. Yayingumbutho wezopolitiko (nangona bengavumi ukusebenzisa lo mahluko) exhaswa yiriphabliki kunye nemibono eqhubela phambili.

Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokudingiswa

Le minyaka ilandelayo yayimdanisile u-Ortega y Gasset ngenxa yesikhokelo seengxoxo malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo omtsha waseSpain. Uye waphela ekhathazekile nolawulo olufanayo lukarhulumente. Ngokulandelanayo, Uqikelele ukunyanzeliswa kwayo yonke le projekthi ngenxa yamabango amaninzi abantu. Kwangokunjalo, wayigxeka impembelelo enkulu (esele) inikwe abefundisi.

Ekugqibeleni, iingqikelelo zakhe zafumana amandla kwisithunzi semfazwe yamakhaya. Ngendlela yobuqhawe, ukwazile ukushiya ilizwe kanye njengoko ubundlobongela phakathi kwamaqela aphikisanayo bafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Kwiminyaka elishumi elandelayo wayephakathi kweFrance, iNetherlands neArgentina, de wakwazi ukuhlala eLisbon. Ukusuka ePortugal wakwazi ukubuyela eSpain, kunye noFranco esele imiselwe kakuhle emandleni.

Udityaniswe necawa?

UJosé Ortega y Gasset wasweleka nge-18 ka-Okthobha ka-1955. Kungekudala emva koko, Amanye amanani asondeleyo kuye athi isithandi sobulumko sasisele sisondele kwiCawa yamaKatolika ukuya esiphelweni sobomi bakhe. Kodwa izalamane zakhe zazikhanyela ezi nguqulelo ...

Ifilosofi ye-Ortega y Gasset

Ifilosofi ye-Ortega y Gasset-eyahlukileyo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo obomi bakhe- Banokushwankathelwa phantsi kwesambrela esinye: eso sombono. Ngokubanzi, le nto ithi akukho nyaniso ingunaphakade kunye nengashukumi, kodwa kukuqokelelwa kweenyaniso ezahlukeneyo.

"Iinyani" zika-Ortega y Gasset

Ukucinga ukuba umntu ngamnye ungumnini weenyaniso zabo, ezingenakuphepheka zibekwe ziimeko ezizezinye. Ngele ndlela, elinye lawona mabinzana akhe adumileyo lavela: "Ndim kunye neemeko zam, kwaye ukuba andimgcini, andizukuzihlangula." (Ukucamngca kukaDon Quixote, 1914).

Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Indoda nabantu

Ngokukwanjalo, ucebise ngekhefu kunye nezona zimvo zidumileyo zeDescartian, "Ndicinga, kungoko kunjalo." Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uJosé Ortega y Gasset ubeka ubomi njengombhalo wento yonke. Ke ngoko, ngaphandle kobukho bento ephilayo, ukuveliswa kwengcinga akunakwenzeka.

Isizathu esibalulekileyo

Olu luvo luthatha "uguquko" lwenkcazo yesizathu ngendlela esulungekileyo, esikhuthazwayo ngexesha lale mihla Ngalo mzuzu, ingxelo eyamkelweyo inciphise ukufunyanwa kolwazi kuphela kwizifundo zesayensi yendalo. Kwelinye icala, i-Ortega y Gasset inzululwazi zoluntu zinokubaluleka okufanayo nakwezinye iinzululwazi.