UItalo Calvin Wazalelwa kwisixeko saseHavana (Cuba) esibizwa ngokuba yiSantiago de Compostela de Las Vegas, ngakumbi ngo-Okthobha u-15, 1923 kwaye wasweleka eSiena (e-Itali) ngo-Septemba 19, 1985, eneminyaka engama-61.
UCuban wabazali base-Italiya, wayehlala kwindawo enkulu ebomini bakhe e-Italiya, apho wayengazukuqeqeshwa kuphela kodwa nalapho aphucula khona ukuthanda kwakhe uncwadi.
Ukudibana neQela lamaKomanisiWalwa emfazweni njengeqela elwela ubu-fascism. Into emncedileyo ukubhala incwadi yakhe yokuqala «Iindlela zeendlwane zesigcawu », apho wabalisa amava akhe kwinkcaso. Kuqala uncwadi lwayo lwalungabhalwanga ngaphambili, kodwa emva koko trilogy «Ookhokho bethu ", zenziwe ziinoveli «Isiqingatha se-viscount ", «IBaron eQhelekileyo » kwaye "I knight engekhoyo », Wathabatheka ngakumbi ngu Ingcinga ebaliweyo kunye nemibongo.
Imixholo ehamba rhoqo kwiinoveli zakhe zezi:
- Ukuqonda ukuba ubukho.
- Ukugxeka kwinyani yanamhlanje.
- Isigwebo soloyiko lwabantu olungalunganga lokuba lilolo.
- Gxeka ukungabikho komntu emhlabeni.
- Isimangalo kuthotho lweendlela zokuziphatha ezimiselwe kwangaphambili ezibekwa ebantwini.
- Iingxaki zoluntu lweshishini lwangoku.
Kwincwadi yakhe «UMarcovaldo » (Ngo-1963), kubonakala ngokucacileyo ukuba imiba emibini yoncwadi ukuba uCalvino usebenza kwingxelo yakhe: eyinyani kwaye emnandi. Kwelinye icala, imibongo yakhe yavula imeko yenkcubeko entsha, yokuziphatha kunye nesimbo, eqhutywa ngumdla kwiingxoxo zesayensi okanye zezibalo, kodwa apho isimilo sakhe esigqibeleleyo nesigqwethayo kwinyani sisinda ngokucacileyo.
Isincoko sikaCalvin: Izizathu ezili-14 zokufunda iiClassics
Kwisincoko esapapashwa ngo-1986 kwi 'Uphengululo lweNcwadi eNew York ', UCalvin usinika izizathu ezili-14 zokufunda iincwadi zakudala... Kwaye nangona esona sizathu siphambili, kwaye kufanele ukuba sanele kuthi, ukuba sifunde ii-greats zoncwadi, kukuba bayasinda kwaye bahlala ngokuhamba kwexesha, ezinye zezizathu esizinikwe ngumbhali waseCuba azichithwanga. Siza kubabona size sibahlalutye ngokwamanqaku ngamanqaku.
1) Iincwadi zakudala ziincwadi ekuthi umntu aqhele ukuziva esithi: "Ndiyaphinda ndizifunde ..." kwaye zange "ndifunda ...".
Ukufunda incwadi enkulu okokuqala ngqa ebudaleni kukonwaba okungaqhelekanga, kwahlukile (nangona umntu engenakutsho ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi) kovuyo lokuyifunda ebutsheni. Ukuba mncinci kuzisa ekufundeni, njengawo nawaphi na amanye amava, incasa ethile kunye nemeko ethile yokubaluleka, ngelixa ukhulile umntu axabise (okanye kufanelekile) iinkcukacha ezininzi kunye neentsingiselo zokufunda ngokufanayo.
2) Sisebenzisa igama elithi "ezakudala" kwezo ncwadi zixatyiswe ngabo bazifundileyo nabazithandayo; kodwa abaxatyiswanga kangako ngabo banethamsanqa lokuzifunda okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwezona meko zilungileyo zokuzonwabisa.
Ukufunda ebusheni akunakuba naziqhamo, ngenxa yokuphelelwa ngumonde, ukuphazamiseka, ukunqongophala kwamava ngokufunda nokuqonda incwadi, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukunqongophala kwamava ebomini uqobo ... Ukuba siyifunda kwakhona le ncwadi ukuya kubudala obuvuthiweyo (ithini inqaku langaphambili usixelele) kusenokwenzeka ukuba siziphinde sibuye sizifumane ezi zinto, ngelo xesha eziyinxalenye yeendlela zethu zangaphakathi, kodwa iimvelaphi zazo sizilibele.
I-3) Kufuneka, ke ngoko, kubekho umzuzu kubomi babantu abadala abazinikele ekujongeni ezona ncwadi zibalulekileyo zolutsha lwethu.
Kukho iiklasikhi ezinkulu ezithi zibe nefuthe elithile kuthi kangangokuba zenqabe ukushenxiswa engqondweni ngokufihla kwimiphetho yenkumbulo, bazifihle njengabantu abadibeneyo okanye abazi nto. Kungenxa yoko le nto kufuneka ziphindwe zifundwe nje xa sele sifikile ebudaleni. Nokuba iincwadi zihlala zifana (nangona zingatshintshi, ngenxa yembali etshintshileyo), ngokuqinisekileyo sitshintshile, kwaye ukudibana kwethu nokufunda okufanayo kuya kuba yinto entsha ngokupheleleyo.
4) Ukuphinda ufunde iklasikhi kuhambo lokufumanisa njengokuqala kokufunda.
Oko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ukuba ufundo ngalunye olutsha esilwenzayo kwincwadi enye, luyahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeka kwimeko yethu yobuqu, amava ethu amatsha, indlela esiphila ngayo ngelo xesha ... Yonke into iyatshintsha, nangona incwadi ihleli ngokufanayo.
5) Ukufundwa ngakunye kweklasikhi enyanisweni kukuphinda kufundwe.
6) I-classic yincwadi engazange igqibe ukuthetha oko ikuthethayo.
I-7) Iiklasikhi ziincwadi eziza kuthi zithwele umkhondo wokufundwa ngaphambi kweyethu, kwaye kuthwala ukuvusa kwabo umkhondo abawushiye ngokwabo kwinkcubeko okanye kwinkcubeko abadlulile kuyo.
Kwaye eli nqaku linxibelelene ngokusondeleyo kwinqanaba 5 apho u-Italo Calvino angqina khona "Ukufundwa ngakunye kweklasikhi enyanisweni kukuphinda kufundwe."
NgokukaCalvin,
Izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi kufuneka zisincede siqonde ukuba akukho ncwadi ithetha ngenye incwadi ethetha ngaphezu kwencwadi ekuthethwa ngayo. Kukho imeko ngokubanzi yamaxabiso apho intshayelelo, izixhobo ezibalulekileyo, kunye noluhlu lwezinto ezisetyenziswayo njengesiqhumane sokufihla into ethethwa sisicatshulwa.
Oku kucaciswa kuchaza ezinye izizathu ezi-5 zokufunda ezakudala ezizayo:
I-8) Iklasikhi ayithethi kuthi isifundisa into esingayazi ngaphambili.
Kwiklasikhi, kukho amaxesha apho sifumanisa into ebesoloko siyazi (okanye sicinga ukuba siyayazi), kodwa ngaphandle kokwazi ukuba lo mbhali wayitsho kuqala, okanye ubuncinci inxulumene nayo ngendlela ekhethekileyo.
9) Iiklasikhi ziincwadi esizifumana zintsha, zihlaziya, kwaye zingalindelekanga emva kokuzifunda, kunokuba besicinga xa sisiva ngazo.
Oku kwenzeka kuphela xa iklasikhi isebenza ngokwenyani, oko kukuthi, xa ubudlelwane bobuntu busekiwe kunye nomfundi. Ukuba i-spark-reader spark ayikho, ilusizi; kodwa akufuneki ufunde ezakudala ngenxa yomsebenzi okanye intlonipho, ngenxa yothando nje kubo.
I-10) Sisebenzisa igama elithi "classic" kwincwadi ethatha uhlobo lokulingana kwindalo iphela, ngokomlinganiso kunye neetalism zakudala.
11) Umbhali wakho oqaqambe ngokugqwesa ngulo ungaziva ungenamdla kuye, kuba kuyanceda ukuzichaza ngokunxulumene naye, nokuba ungqubana naye.
12) Iklasikhi yincwadi ethiwe thaca phambi kwezinye iiklasikhi; Kodwa nabani na oye wafunda abanye kuqala, emva koko wafunda le, uyaqonda kwangoko indawo yabo kumthi wosapho.
Eli nqaku yingxaki enxulumene nemibuzo enje: Kutheni le nto sifunde iiklasikhi endaweni yokugxila kwiincwadi ezisivumela ukuba siziqonde ngakumbi iingqondo zethu? Okanye, siza kulifumana phi ixesha kunye noxolo lokufunda iiklasikhi, ezixhalabile njengoko sikwi-avalanche yeziganeko zangoku?
Kwaye kule mibuzo, u-Italo Calvino uphendula ngezizathu ezibini zokugqibela:
13) Iklasikhi yinto ethambekele ekubekeni phantsi iinkxalabo zomzuzu kwimeko yengxolo yangasemva, kodwa kwangaxeshanye le ngxolo ingemva yinto esingenakwenza ngaphandle kwayo.
14) Iklasikhi yinto eqhubekayo njengengxolo yangasemva nokuba ezona ngxaki zixhaphakileyo zomzuzwana zilawula imeko.
Kubonakala ngathi inyani ihleli kukuba ukufundwa kweeklasikhi kubonakala ngathi kuyangqubana nesingqi sobomi, esingasasivumeli ukuba sibe nexesha elide lokufunda. Nangona kunjalo, kwaye ndongeza elam ilizwi, ingumba wesigqibo xa sithatha ivolumu enye okanye enye (uncwadi lwakudala kuthelekiswa noncwadi lwangoku) kwiishelufa zethala leencwadi okanye kwivenkile ethengisa iincwadi.
Kwaye okokugqibela, ukufunda, ukuzityebisa ngokwenkcubeko, uhlala ufumana ixesha elincinci lemihla ngemihla.