Okokuqala, kufuneka sicace malunga nento enokuthi ithathwe njengeklasikhi. Inkcazo enokwenzeka ukuba iqondise kwezinye izibonakaliso zobugcisa, ezifana ne-cinema okanye umzobo, umzekelo. Uphawu oluphambili lomsebenzi othathwa njengeklasikhi kukuphelelwa ixesha. Oko kukuthi, inamandla okuzivuselela ukuze ibe nentsingiselo exabisekileyo kwisizukulwana ngasinye. Intsingiselo inokutshintsha, umsebenzi wenza ngokuhamba kwexesha ukuba uphelelwe lixesha, kodwa awusoze ulahlekelwe yinto yayo. Ngamanye amazwi, iklasikhi ukuba ayikhe iphume kwisitayile..
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umgangatho wobugcisa bomsebenzi kufuneka ungathandabuzeki, kunye nokwamkelwa koluntu. Le nxalenye yesibini, nangona kunjalo, ingcamango yangoku kunye nethandwayo. Y lixesha kuphela elinokumisela ukuba yeyiphi imisebenzi elawula ukuba ibe yeyakudala. Nangona kukho izicatshulwa ezininzi ezithathwa njengesiqhelo, kweli nqaku Sikhetha iincwadi ezili-11 zezakudala, ngeSpanish nangeelwimi zasemzini, kwaye esizicebisayo.
ICelestina (1499)
NgoFernando de Rojas, nangona kunjalo kukho iimbono ezahlukeneyo malunga nobubhali bayo, kucingelwa ukuba ayinakuchazwa. Ndiyabulela kulo mbhalo, igama elithi "matchmaker" laqulunqwa, apho i-RAE ichaza "ukuthengwa" okanye "umfazi olungiselela ubudlelwane bothando." Umsebenzi yi-tragicomedy kwindinyana apho uthando lukaCalisto noMelibea, abalinganiswa bayo abaphambili, babaliswa.
ULazarillo de Tormes (1554)
El I-Lazarillo de Tormes yincwadi engaziwa; Akwaziwa ukuba ngubani obhale le noveli ye-picaresque, enye yemibhalo yokuqala ebaliswa kwiprozi. I-picaresque yintlupheko eyazalelwa eSpain kwaye ibonisa ihlabathi labakhohlakeleyo okanye abantu abakhohlakeleyo ababuyile kuyo yonke into. kanye ngenxa yeemeko abahlala kuzo kunye neemeko zokuphila abajongene nazo. Le ncwadi ingumzekelo ocacileyo wobomi baseSpain ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yentlalo ephantsi phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo.
IiHamlets (1601)
Impembelelo ye Hamlet Iphindwaphindwa kwintaphane yamabali kuyo yonke imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kuncwadi nakwi-cinema. Umsebenzi kaShakespeare yintlekele apho impindezelo ibonakala njengomxholo ophambili. Iphefumlelwe yintsomi yaseScandinavia, nangona kuthethwa kakhulu ngayo. Ibali: INkosana uHamlet kufuneka iphindezele ukubulawa kakubi kukayise ezandleni zikamalume wakhe, uKlawudiyo, ngelixa esindisa umama wakhe owayengenangxaki, enyanzelwa ukuba atshate naye.
UDon Quixote (1605)
Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo umsebenzi kaMiguel de Cervantes awukwazanga ukulahleka, kuba Don Quixote Ngumsebenzi ogqwesileyo wehlabathi jikelele, kwaye omabini amacandelo okuqala kunye nesibini athathwa njengenoveli yokuqala yanamhlanje. Yinoveli ye-chivalry, nangona ingahambelani nayo, ukusukela oko UCervantes wabhala i-satitire yezi ncwadi eziye zatshabalalisa kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ngaphambili; koko kukuthi, Don Quixote ngumdlalo ohlekisayo.
¿Kutheni ibaluleke kangaka nje? Ukongeza kokungaphelelwa lixesha, wayesazi ukubamba ixesha lakhe kwaye ngowona msebenzi woncwadi ubalulekileyo kulo lonke ixesha ebhalwe ngesiSpanish.. Okwesibini, iye yaba yeyona ncwadi ipapashiweyo emva kweBhayibhile kwaye, njengeBhayibhile, iye yaguqulelwa kuzo zonke iilwimi ezibhaliweyo. Kubalulekile.
Ikratshi kunye noKhethe (1813)
Yenye yeenoveli ezidumileyo zikaJane Austen kwaye kunokutshiwo ukuba unguvulindlela kumdlalo ohlekisayo. eye yakwazi ukutsala izigidi zabafundi ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Abalinganiswa ababini, ngothando, baya kufuneka badlule kwiingxaki ezithile kwaye bakhule babe kunye; Ikratshi nocalucalulo lweminye yale miqobo ekufuneka uDarcy noElizabeth bayoyise. Iinguqulelo ezininzi zalo msebenzi zenziwe ngaphaya kwamaphepha kwaye iseyi-benchmark kuhlobo namhlanje.
UFrankenstein (1816)
Isalathiso kwinoveli yegothic, Frankenstein Ngomnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo. UMary Shelley wayiqamba kwindawo yokubuyela umva nabahlobo bakhe kubandakanya umyeni wakhe, umbhali uPercival Bisshe Shelley, ebashiya bonke bemangalisiwe sisiphumo. Kukho imibuzo emikhulu kule noveli: imibuzo ngolwalamano lomntu noThixo namandla abokuqala okudala ubomi ngendlela efanayo neyesibini. Yinoveli emangalisayo enaloo ngongoma imnyama yeGothic.
UMam Bovary (1856)
Madam Bovary nguGustave Flauvert yinoveli ngaphambi kwexesha layo apho imeko yowesifazane egcwele ucalucalulo, ukucinga kwakhe, indlela yothando kunye nokuzithemba kuchazwe. Inyani yesiFrentshi isuka kuyo, nangona kukwakho neengoma zothando kunye nombono wekamva loncwadi lwendalo. Madam Bovary yinoveli eyodwa edlulayo kwaye ekuyo I-Flauvert iphuhlisa obona bufazi bukhulu ngokucokisekileyo okukhulu, kude kude kuyo nayiphi na ingcamango edlulileyo.
Ulindelo Olukhulu (1860)
Omnye wemisebenzi emikhulu yombalisi wamabali oliNgesi, uCharles Dickens. Ngokukwanjalo, iye yahlengahlengiswa kuyo yonke le minyaka kwintlaninge yeenguqulelo kunye neefomathi. Inemixholo eqhelekileyo yomsebenzi kaDickens, njengobuntwana nobunkedama, intlupheko, ububele obunethemba kunye nethemba.lihlala lithemba. UFilipu Pirrip uyintandane i-protagonist eqala njengomfundi we-blacksmith, nangona eyona nto ayifunayo kukunyuka kuluntu kwaye ashiye ukubandezeleka kwakhe ngasemva.
Ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezohlwayo (1866)
Umsebenzi odumileyo kaDostoevsky. Ijikeleze ityala, kunye nokulangazelela ubulungisa kwaye ilungisa.. U-Raskolnikov ekugqibeleni uya kufumana ukukhululwa okulindelweyo, nangona kungekho ngaphandle kokuzisola, ukususela ekuqaleni kuya kufuneka abulale umfazi omdala, umxhasi, ukufa kwakhe kuya kumkhathaza ngalo lonke ixesha ade akwazi ukufumana ukuxolelwa, kunye nalo, uxolo.
Imfazwe noXolo (1869)
Umsebenzi omkhulu kaLeo Tolstoy, omnye wabaninzi abafunyenwe kubomi bakhe boncwadi. Yayinobunzima obukhulu kunye nefuthe kuncwadi lwehlabathi, enye yeetekisi ezinkulu zalo lonke ixesha, umsebenzi omkhulu kunye nencopho yobunyani baseRussia. Ibalisa ngeziganeko zembali kunye ne-epic zeentsapho zaseRashiya ezingaphantsi kwesihlanu ngexesha lohlaselo lweNapoleon.
UFortunata noJacinta (1887)
Nabani na ofuna ukufunda enye yeenoveli ezinkulu zeSpanish kwimbali yoncwadi kufuneka aboleke UFortunata noJacinta. UBenito Pérez Galdos wayengumbalisi omkhulu eSpain, ehlala enemvume kaCervantes. UFortunata noJacinta ngumsebenzi wobugcisa wokwenene waseSpain, kunye nebali labafazi ababini abahluke kakhulu, nangona umntu othile okufanayo. Ibali lifumaneka eMadrid, uJacinta ngumfazi kunye noFortunata ishweshwe. UJacinta ngowohlohlesakhe, ngelixa uFortunata ehlala kwintendelezo ekufutshane noSodolophu wasePlaza. Ukuziphatha kunye nenkohlakalo zisonjululwa ngendlela ekrwada kwaye ebuhlungu, ngenxa yokuba akunakwenzeka ukufumana isisombululo kungcoliseko olunjalo.
