Isishwankathelo sebali kaPío Baroja

IPio Baroja Wazalelwa eSan Sebastián ngo-1872 y wasweleka eMadrid ngo-1956. Igama lakhe elipheleleyo ngu UPío Baroja kunye noNessi (Wayenelinye lala magama awunakulibaleka).

Ndifunda amayeza eMadrid naseValencia, into eyayinento encinci okanye engenanto yakwenza noncwadi kwaye yabiza ithisisi yakhe yobugqirha "Ubuhlungu, isifundo sengqondo". Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ngaphambi koncwadi yayingumbhaki kunye nomntakwabo kwindawo yokubhaka usapho kunye neminyaka emi-2 engugqirha eGuipúzcoa.

Umhlobo wakhe wokuqala onxulumene nelizwe loncwadi AzorinUkusukela ukuqala kobu buhlobo, ulinikela ngokupheleleyo ixesha lakhe ekubhaleni nakuncwadi ngokubanzi.

Inyaniso yokuba wayengumhambi omkhulu yamnika umbono ovulekileyo wokuzonwabisa kunye nokusebenza kuncwadi. Watyelela izixeko ezininzi eSpeyin naseYurophu, IParis yenye yezona ndawo zityelelwa kakhulu ngumbhali waseSpain. Ngokuqala kwe- Udabi lasekuhlaleni, UPío Baroja uthatha isigqibo sokupakisha iibhegi zakhe wabeka ukuya eFrance ukusuka apho wabuyela khona ngo-1940.

Abo babemazi bathi umbhali waseBasque wayenako u ngazisa. Wayenentloni kwaye noko engenabantu, mhlawumbi isizathu sokuba kungabikho luthando lusemthethweni kuye.

Uncwadi lwesizukulwana sika-98

Kwakunjalo ngumbhali oqaqambileyonjengoko wabhala i-whopping ngaphezu kweenoveli ezingama-60 (ezinye trilogies) kunye namabali amaninzi. Wabhala ngazo zonke iintlobo zezihloko: ukusuka kwizincoko, iibhayografi, imibongo, imidlalo yeqonga, ibali kunye neencwadi zeememo.

Ukuba siqhubeka nangaphezulu kuncwadi lwakhe, sinako ukwahlulahlulahlula umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala ngokwamanqanaba ama-3 ahlukeneyo:

1. Inqanaba lokuqala: Ukugubungela ukusuka ngo-1900 ukuya ku-1914. Ngethuba leminyaka eli-14, u-Baroja wabhala ezona noveli zimele kakhulu kwisizukulwana sama-98 "Umhlaba weBasque", zenziwe ziinoveli "Indlu yaseAzgorri", "El mayorazgo de Labraz" y "UZalacaín umgwebi"; enye i-trilogy yayi "Ubomi obumnandi" sizifumana phi izicatshulwa "I-Adventures, uyilo kunye nokungaqondakali kweSilvestre Paradox", "Indlela yokugqibelela" y "Paradox, kumkani"; enye enye enesihloko "Umzabalazo wobomi" ebandakanya enye yeenoveli ezidumileyo zeBaroja, "Uphendlo" kunye no "Ukhula olubi" y "I-Aurora ebomvu". Okokugqibela kweetrilogies zakhe ukusuka kweli xesha lokuqala "Ugqatso" yenziwe nge "Umthi wolwazi", "Inenekazi elibhadulayo" y "Isixeko senkungu". Eminye imisebenzi eyaziwayo esinokuyibandakanya kweli nqanaba yayi "Kesare okanye akukho nto", "Iinkxalabo zikaShanti Andía" y "Umhlaba ukhona".
2. Inqanaba lesibiniIyahambelana neminyaka kwi-1914 y 1936. Kwesi sigaba sesibini singayifumana incwadi enesihloko "Inkanuko egqwethekileyo" kunye neenoveli ezintathu kwezine ezidweliswe phantsi kwesihloko esithi "Ulwandle", ibiyintoni, "I-labyrinth ye-siren", "Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya eziphakamileyo" y "Inkwenkwezi kaKapteni Chimista". Kweli nqanaba lesibini sinokufumana ngaphezulu kwako konke imisebenzi yezembali njengokuba kunjalo nengqokelela yeenoveli ezingama-22 ezaziwa njenge "Iinkumbulo zeNdoda yokuSebenza" ebhalwe phakathi kowe-1913 nowe-1935.
3. Inqanaba lesithathu: Ukusukela ngonyaka we-1936, UBaroja unengxaki ethile ukuncipha koncwadi kwaye unikezela kuphela ukubhala kwakhe kwiimemori zakhe, ezipheleleyo Imiqulu esi-7 yaziwa njenge "Ukusukela kumjikelo wokugqibela", yabhalwa ukususela ngowe-1944 ukuya kowe-1949.

Iimpawu zomsebenzi kaPío Baroja

KuPío Baroja singatsho ukuba ezi mpawu zenzeka phantse kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe:

• Ukutyibilika kokwenza ukudala abalinganiswa.
• Ukuma okuhle kunye nemeko yabalinganiswa kuphuhliso ngalunye lwemisebenzi.
• Into eqhelekileyo phantse kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe: Ukulungiswa kakubi kwabalinganiswa babo. Bahlala bengama-nonconformists abalwa kwaye bavukele into ekufuneka beyiphile, ngenxa yotshintsho eluntwini, njl. Babalinganiswa "bakhathele kukuphila" kwaye bengenathemba.
• Ityhila kuncwadi lwayo ubunyani bexesha (Le ngongoma iqhelekile kubo bonke ababhali besizukulwana sama-98).
• Uncwadi lwakhe lwaluqulathe izivakalisi ezifutshane, isigama esilula, ngaphandle kwemihombiso emininzi, ...
• Bakhe novelas zazininzi kakhulu iyinyani kwaye inenjongo. Nangona kunjalo, ingxelo yayo yayivulekile kwaye iqhekeza, iphumelele ngaphezu kwazo zonke ngeengxoxo zabalinganiswa bayo.
• Kwimisebenzi yakhe sinokufumana iihambo, ii-anecdotes, imixholo yefilosofi kunye ngokwengqondo.

Eminye yemibhalo yakhe yoncwadi

Apha ngezantsi ungafunda isiqwenga esifutshane somsebenzi wakhe "Ulutsha, ukuzingca", yapapashwa ngo-1917:

"Ezincwadini zam, phantse kuzo zonke iincwadi zale mihla, kukho inkungu elwa nobomi kunye noluntu ...

Indawo yangaphambili ibisoloko iyindawo eqhelekileyo yezithandi zobulumko. Ubomi abunangqondo, ubomi kunzima ukwetyisa, ubomi bufana nesifo, uninzi lwefilosofi lutshilo.

Ndiqinisekile ukuba ubomi abulunganga kwaye abubi, bufana neNdalo: iyimfuneko. Uluntu olunye alulunganga kwaye alubi. Kubi kuloo mntu ulijongela phantsi ixesha lakhe; ilungile kwabo bahambelana nokusingqongileyo.

Umntu omnyama unokuhamba ze ehlathini apho ithontsi ngalinye lamanzi limiliselwa kwizigidi zeentsholongwane zeemalariya, apho kukho izinambuzane ezilumayo ziphakamisa amathumba kwaye apho ubushushu bunyukela ngaphezulu kwamaqondo angamashumi amahlanu emthunzini.

Umlungu waseYurophu, oqhelene nobomi obukhuselweyo besi sixeko, ngaphambi kokuba indalo efana naleyo yetropiki, ngaphandle kwendlela yokuzikhusela, afe.

Umntu kufuneka abe nemvakalelo ayifunayo ngexesha lakhe nakwimeko yokusingqongileyo; ukuba ungaphantsi, uya kuphila njengomntwana omncinci; ukuba unemfuneko, uya kuphila njengomntu okhulileyo; ukuba unokuninzi, uya kugula ”.

Amabinzana kunye nezicatshulwa ezidumileyo zikaPío Baroja

Emva koko, ungafunda amabinzana kunye nezicatshulwa awathi uPío Baroja, owayengenazinwele elwimini lakhe xa ethetha ngokucacileyo nangokugweba (ndiyamdumisa):

• "Zizidenge kuphela ezinabahlobo abaninzi. Elona nani likhulu labahlobo liphawula elonaqondo liphezulu kwi-dynamometer yobudenge ”.
• Inyaniso ayinakubaxwa. Ngenyaniso akunakubakho manqaku. Kwimeko yenyani okanye kubuxoki, uninzi ”.
• Ukucaca kwisayensi kubalulekile; kodwa kuncwadi, akukho. Ukubona ngokucacileyo yifilosofi. Bona ngokucacileyo kwimfihlakalo loncwadi. Yile nto yenziwe nguShakespeare, Cervantes, Dickens, Dostoiewski… ”.
• "I-Psychoanalysis yi-cubism yeyeza."
• "Ndiyakholelwa ukuba abantu, xa bekrelekrele kwaye beqhelekile, akufuneki bazenze into engaqhelekanga kwaye engaqhelekanga, kuba bafike kububhanxa obenziwe.
• “Ukuba ukhe wafumanisa nawuphi na umthetho, lumka kwaye ungazami ukuwusebenzisa. Ufumene umthetho… kwanele. Kungenxa yokuba ukuba lo mthetho uphathekayo kwaye uzama ukuwusebenzisa kumatshini, uyakukhubeka kwinto eluhlaza; kwaye ukuba ngumthetho wentlalo, uyakuhlangabezana nenkohlakalo yamadoda ”.
• “Ngokwenene, andazi nokuba ngobulungisa okanye hayi, andibuthandi ubuchule, kuba uyabona ukuba baninzi abantu abanobuchule emhlabeni. Kwaye ayindimangalisi into yokuba kukho abantu abanememori, nokuba inkulu kangakanani kwaye ibalulekile, okanye kukho iicalculator; Eyona nto indimangalisayo kukulunga, kwaye ndikuthetha oku ngaphandle kohanahaniso ".
• Uncwadi alunakubonakalisa yonke into emnyama ebomini. Esona sizathu kukuba uncwadi luyakhetha kwaye ubomi abukhethi ”.
• “Ihlabathi, kuthi, limelwe, njengoko uSchopenhauer wayedla ngokutsho; ayisiyonyani ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kukubonisa kweengcinga ezibalulekileyo ”.
• "Xa umdala, uyathanda ukuphinda ufunde ngaphezulu kokufunda."