Iincwadi kudala zabakho. Ngapha koko, kuyaziwa ukuba incwadi yokuqala eprintiweyo kwimbali yakhutshwa nge-11 kaMeyi, 868. Kwakuse-China apho u-Wang Jie wagunyazisa ukushicilelwa kunye nokusasazwa kwencwadi ethi "The Diamond Sutra." Eneneni le yeyokuqala, ingeyiyo le nto yayicingelwa, yiBhayibhile kaGutenberg. Kodwa, kule minyaka idlulileyo, kuye kwakho ezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo.
Ukuba ungumthandi weeleta, okanye ukuba unomdla malunga bazi ukuba zeziphi ezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo embalini, ke olu papasho luza kuba nomdla kuba siza kuthetha nawe ngemisebenzi eliqela ehlelwe njengeyona ibalaseleyo. Ngaba ziya kuba khona izinto ozifundileyo?
Umbongo kaGilgamesh
Le yenye yezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo embalini ngokweThala leeNcwadi leHlabathi, elathi lamisela uluhlu lwee-100 ezigqwesileyo ngokwesindululo sababhali abali-100 abavela kumazwe angama-54 ahlukeneyo. Kutheni le ncwadi ikhethwe? Ewe, ukuqala, ivela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe BC, isuka eSumeria nakumbuso waseAkkad kwaye ibhalwe kolo lwimi.
Kuyo sixelelwa ngezehlo zikaKumkani uGilgamesh, ikumkani eyayizilawula. Oothixo, ukumnika isifundo, thumela uEnkidu, indoda ekufuneka ijongane noGilgamesh; kodwa bagqibela ngokuba ngabahlobo kwaye kunye baqala ukuzama ukoyisa iintshaba ezithile.
Enye ibhabha ngaphezulu kwe-nucus ye-cuco
Esi sihloko singaqhelekanga yenye yezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo. Ngapha koko, iNetflix yaguqukela kuye ukuze enze uthotho lweRatched, njengoko umlinganiswa ophambili apha engumongikazi ongqwabalala okhathalela isibhedlele sabagula ngengqondo saseOregon ngendlela engaqhelekanga.
Yayibhalwe ngo-1962 nguKen Kensey kwaye ngomhla wakhe yabangela isiphithiphithi esikhulu ngenxa yokuba yayithathwa njengamanyala, okanye yayiqhayisa ngokuziphatha kakubi.
Iminyaka eyi-100 yedwa
Ibhalwe nguGabriel García Márquez, le ncwadi ithathwa njengenye yezona zibalaseleyo kwimbali ngenxa yesiqwenga esixelwayo, kodwa nangenxa yendlela umbhali akwazi ngayo ukubalisa yonke into. Kuyo, uya kuba nakho ukwazi ngobomi bosapho lakwaBuendía-Iguarán, iminqweno, ukuthanda izinto, uloyiko, iintlekele, njl. ezibangqongileyo ezenza iminyaka ihambe kwaye iguqula ithamsanqa labo elihle.
INkosi yamasongo
Alithandabuzeki elokuba uJRR Tolkien udale umsebenzi weentsomi obaluleke kangangokuba ubekhona kulo naluphi na uluhlu lweencwadi ezilungileyo kwimbali. Kwaye yile nto yenziwe ngumbhali kule ncwadi yayiyidyssey. Wayila yonke into, enemicu eliqela ebalisayo, ibali elinzima nelibalulekileyo elibonakala ngathi lithetha ngomsebenzi kunye nemimangaliso yelinye iplanethi. Kwaye abanye abalinganiswa ababengengawo amaqhawe okanye ababi njengoko babebonakala ekuqaleni. Ukongeza, akukho namnye ophambili, kodwa uninzi, kunye nehlabathi eliqulunqiweyo, ababhali abambalwa abakwazileyo ukulinganisa.
Iincwadi ezigqwesileyo eziye zahlala: INcwadi kaYobhi
Akwaziwa ukuba ngubani obhale le ncwadi, nangona isusela kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neye-XNUMX ye-BC. Kuyo uyakufumana ibali lendoda eyoyika uThixo kwaye ilunge kakhulu. Xa uThixo ethetha noSathana ngale ndoda, uMtyholi uthatha isigqibo sokuba "alinge" ukuze uThixo abone ukuba akalunganga njengoko ezenza ukuba akholelwe. Ke umbeka phantsi kwezilingo kunye nezilingo ukuze enze uYobhi one. Nangona kunjalo, akukho lula njengoko kuvakala.
Kwaye le ncwadi inefilosofi enkulu phakathi kweeleta zayo, ukubhala, nangona kunokuba nzima ukuyiqonda, ngakumbi ngoku, iyaphendula izinto ezininzi ezingaziwayo okanye ikwenze ucinge ngezinto obungakhange uziqwalasele ngaphambili.
Iincwadi eziGqibeleleyo:
Kubhalwe phakathi konyaka we-700 nowe-1500, ngumntu ongamaziyo ukuba ngubani, Amawaka aMawaka kunye neNight One abalisa ibali likaPrincess Scheherazade, intombi ye-vizier ekwaziyo ukumisa nokubamba uSultan Shahriar ngokubalisa amabali.
Kwaye ukuba inkosazana, ukonwabisa uSultan, iqala ukumxelela amabali ahlukeneyo ukuze alibale yonke into.
Ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezohlwayo
Ebhalwa nguFyodor Dostoevsky ngo-1866, lo msebenzi yenye yezona zinto zinzima kakhulu kunye nomsebenzi wobugcisa wombhali. Ufumana ntoni kuyo? Ewe, sithetha ngoRaskolnikov, umfundi oselula oneenkolelo ezinokungqubana nezo unazo. Nangona kunjalo, kancinci kancinci ufunda ukuba mhlawumbi le nto ebehlala ecinga ukuba isenokungabi yinto elungileyo ukuyenza.
Iincwadi eziGqwesileyo ezakha zakho: Iimbali zikaHans Christian Andersen
I-Mermaid encinci, Intshontsho elibi, Ijoni leTin zezinye zeentsomi zikaAndersen ezaziwayo kwihlabathi liphela. Inyani yile yokuba yenye yeencwadi ezilungileyo embalini, zilungele abantwana abancinci endlwini.
Ewe ngamanye amaxesha, ngekhe ibe ngumbono ombi ukwazi ibali lokwenyani kunye nendlela abaliguqule ngayo ukuze bayenze intsomi (kuba, ukuba awazi, kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwebali kunye ne " yokwenene "ibali).
Uhlobo oluBalaseleyo lukaThixo
Ibhalwe nguDante Alighieri phakathi kowe-1265 nowe-1321, ngumbongo othathelwa ingqalelo njengowona ubalaseleyo kulo lonke ixesha. Ukuba ngumbongo, kwaye indala nayo, igcwele iisimboli, izikweko namabinzana anokungaqondakali ekuqaleni. Kodwa ngomnye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kuba, ngokweengcali ngokwazo, ligcina lonke ulwazi oluye lwafezekiswa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane (ewe, de yabhalwa).
1984
Lo mhla wawisihloko uGeorge Orwell awukhethile kwincwadi yakhe, enye yezona zibalaseleyo kwimbali. Kuyo, usibeka eLondon, ngo-1984, apho isixeko sibonakala sihlala kwimeko yokuxinana.
Apho, uya kudibana noWinston Smith, umphathi wenqanawa ekufuneka abhale kwakhona imbali ukuze ihambelane nento uMbutho afuna ukuba uhlobo olusemthethweni lube yiyo. Kodwa uqala ukucinga kwakhona ukuba le nto ayenzayo iyinto elungileyo na, kwaye ukuba inkqubo ayilawulayo yeyona ifanele ukulawula.
Iincwadi eziGqwesileyo ezakha zakho: Ikratshi kunye nobuKhethe
UJane Austen ngomnye wababhali ababhinqileyo "onewonga" lokuba yinxalenye yeencwadi eziphambili embalini. Ngokwenene wabhala uninzi, kodwa uKratshi kunye nokuKhetha, ibali lika-Elizabeth Bennet kunye noFitzwilliam Darcy, ngokuqinisekileyo ngumsebenzi wobugcisa. Ngapha koko, ngokulungelelaniswa okuninzi, ibali ngokungathandabuzekiyo liyaziwa.
Ndizifunde zonke ngaphandle kokuqonda kwam, i-Les Miserables ayinakushiywa ngaphandle, ngokufanayo noDon Quixote de la Mancha.
Molo kubo bonke abantu osebenza nabo eLayibrari, abo banconyelweyo kwesi siganeko bazincwadi ezilungileyo kakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle kwenjongo yokuba ngamanzi epati, okanye ukuzisa umbala omfiliba, ilusizi lokuba zibiza kakhulu kwaye zongezwa kule «ngxaki »(Ukuba ngaba inokuhlelwa ngoluhlobo), kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseArgentina sinengxaki yokuvalwa kokungenisa elizweni ukunqanda" UKUVULEKA "kweedola kwaye ngenxa yoko iincwadi azibizi kuphela ngenxa yenqanaba lotshintshiselwano oluphezulu, kodwa kumaxesha amaninzi kukho izihloko ezingenakufunyanwa, nangayiphi na imeko yinto ephinda iphinde ibuye i-viasta kunye nengcinga, ukubona nokukhumbula umsebenzi woncwadi esinawo, obonisa ukuba: «NGAPHANDLE KOMBHALI, KUKHO UNCWADI, KODWA UKUBA AKUKHO MFUNDI, UNCWADI LUSILELWA ", enkosi kakhulu ngokundinika eli thuba lokuba ndibhale kwaye ndiyabulela ngokundithathela ingqalelo nakuluhlu lwakho lokuqhubeka nokufumana ulwazi oluthumela rhoqo.
Ayikho enye into
Ndithumela ukuwola
INKOSI IKUSIKELELE
Ndiyabulisa atte.
I-Leopoldo Alberto Trcka Sasia
Akunjalo konke ngokwesihloko. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ingaba: "iincwadi ezilishumi elinanye eziyaziwayo endicinga ukuba ndizibeke apha."
Ndicinga ukuba isihloko seli nqaku bekufanele ukuba sesona "Zona Zincwadi ziGqibeleleyo ndizifundileyo." Ngelishwa, akukho mbhali okanye mthombo wolwazi ochaziweyo. Inqaku eliqhelekileyo lokuba abantu bacofe kwaye bahlawulise abathengisi.
Iincwadi ezili-11 azinabungqina bokuba yi-5% yeyona misebenzi ilungileyo yoncwadi kwindalo iphela; Nokuba ayisiyonto yobungakanani, into esemgangathweni yombhali, umfundi kunye nesifundo kubalulekile
Kubonakala kum umququ wokugqibela ukuba inqaku elimalunga neencwadi kunye noncwadi libhalwe kakubi. Ayisiyiyo kuphela ukuphononongwa kwencwadi nganye akukho nto imiselweyo, kodwa zininzi izinto ezingalunganga ezibhaliweyo.
Kubonakala kum umququ wokugqibela ukuba inqaku elimalunga neencwadi kunye noncwadi lubhalwe kakubi. Ayisiyoempazamo zokubhala ezilusizi kuphela, kodwa
uphononongo olonwabisayo nolungaphezulu kwincwadi nganye eposwe. Ngapha koko, ukukhethwa kweencwadi kuyathandeka kwaye kuyaxoxwa.
Olu luhlu alunantloko okanye msila. Babeke iNkosi yeeRingi kwaye bashiye uDon Quixote kunye noHamlet. Akukho ngqiqweni. Ungasathethi ke ngoGilgamesh kwaye ushiye ngaphandle iBhayibhile okanye iQur'an
Isihloko kufuneka sibe: »zincwadi ezili-11 ezilungileyo endizifundileyo», kuba kukhetho lwakho, kubonakala ngathi ufundile kancinci, okanye abo bakwenzileyo. Ziincwadi ezilungileyo, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, kodwa kukho ezinye ezingcono kakhulu, ezinikezela ngokusisigxina phakathi kwezona zifundwayo kuwo onke amaxesha kwiinkulungwane, ngaphezulu kokungqinisisa umgangatho wazo. Ngamana unokwenza kakuhle neqela lakho lesizwe, kodwa ndicinga ukuba isihloko siqhakazile kwaye sinekratshi.
IOdyssey, iIliad kunye neDon Quixote abekho kuluhlu. Oku kususa konke ukuthembeka kuluhlu lwedama. Kwaye zininzi iincwadi zenqanaba lesithathu. Kubonakala ngathi uJames Joyce wayenyanisile: indoda enobunzima, uLeopold Bloom, woyisa u-Odysseus, u-Ulysses.
"Ingoma yazo iiNgoma" (yenziwa nguKumkani uSolomon) kunye "Nentliziyo" (Edmundo de Amicis). Le yokugqibela yayiyincwadi yokuqala endayifunda xa ndandineminyaka eyi-8 ubudala.
Uluhlu oluhle kakhulu lwemisebenzi yoncwadi, ndizifundile uninzi lwazo kwaye zintle kakhulu, ngo-1984, ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezohlwayo zizinto endizithandayo.
-Gustavo Woltmann.
Uluhlu lweencwadi ezilungileyo ezingabinayo i-Ingenious Gentleman kunye neNkosana eNcinci ayiselona luhlu lweyona ncwadi ibalaseleyo yeefacto.
Uxolelo alukho kubalo lweMonte Cristo
Ndikuthandile ukukhumbula amanye amabali ale misebenzi athi, ubukhulu becala, ndafumana ithuba lokuyifunda. Kwangelo xesha ndandinomdla wokufunda ngo-1984 endingazange ndawufunda ndize ndiphinde ndifunde abanye. Enkosi ngomzuzu omhle kangaka. Ndiyakuvuyela! 🖐️❤️
Nokuba zithini na izinto zombhali, oko kubonakala kum ukuba ndikuthathele ingqalelo, kwaye ndifuna ukwakha, bubuhlwempu obucacileyo besicatshulwa. Ewe kunjalo, uluhlu alunangxaki kwaye luyaphikiswa, kwaye ndiyaliphosa ireferensi kumthombo apho kukhutshwe khona ukuba ezi zili-11 zezona zibalaseleyo kwindalo iphela kukhulu njengoncwadi.
Amagqabantshintshi njengabasweleyo "... incwadi yokuqala eprintiweyo kwimbali yakhutshwa nge-11 kaMay, 868", "Esi sihloko singaqhelekanga yenye yezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo embalini" okanye "... ezenza iminyaka ihambe kwaye iguqulwe ithamsanqa lakhe »bathetha kancinci kakhulu bexhasa umntu obhale eli nqaku liphoxayo kunye nephepha elibambayo.