I-Les Miserables yenye yeenoveli zakudala ezitsala ngaphezulu kwesinye. Ngebali eligcwele uthando, imfazwe, ukungcatsha, uxolelo, intlawulelo, ubuqhetseba ... kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, yaba sisiseko sothotho lukamabonwakude (nakwabancinci), iimuvi, kunye nomculo.
Kodwa, Yintoni oyaziyo malunga ne-Les Misérables? Ngaba umlinganiswa ophambili wayekho ngokwenene? Okanye ukuba yabhalwa ngexesha elinempembelelo kumbhali wayo? Ngubani umbhali walo msebenzi ubaluleke ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX? Uya kuyazi yonke loo nto kunye nokunye okuninzi ngezantsi.
UVictor Hugo, umbhali weLes Misérables
Yonke incwadi ino "tata" oyidalayo ngengcinga (nangona uninzi luthi abalinganiswa ngokwabo bayasebeza ngamabali abo). Kwaye, kwimeko apho, utata ka-Les Miserables yimbongi kunye nombhali uVictor Hugo.
Kodwa ngubani uVictor Hugo?
UVictor Marie Hugo wayengumbhali ongumFrentshi owazalwa ngo-1802 eBesançon. Omncinci kubantakwabo abathathu, wachitha bonke ubuntwana bakhe phakathi kweParis neNaples ngenxa yomsebenzi kayise (wayeyinxalenye yoBukhosi baseFrance). Ngo-1811, abazali bakhe bamthumela eMadrid, apho wayeza kuchitha khona, kunye nomntakwabo, ixesha kwisikolo sokubhoda senkolo (indawo yokuhlala eyayisesikolweni iSan Antón).
Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, bahlala nomama wabo eParis, owayehlukene nomyeni wakhe, ngokucacileyo ngenxa yokungathembeki kuye noGeneral Victor Lahorie (utata kaVictor Hugo kunye notitshala). Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kuhlale ixesha elide kuba, ngo-1815, bobabini uVictor kunye nomnye umntakwabo, u-Eugène, bavalelwa ipenshoni yaseCordier iminyaka emi-3. Kungalo mzuzu xa inkalo yokuyila iqala ukukhula kuye, ebhala iivesi ezithile. Apho, izicatshulwa zakhe zilungiswa ngutitshala oselula, kwaye zifundwe bobabini ngumntakwabo kunye nomama wakhe, abagcina unxibelelwano naye.
Imibhalo yokuqala kaVictor Hugo ijolise kwimibongo, nokuba ithathe inxaxheba kukhuphiswano (enyanisweni, eyokuqala ayizange iyiphumelele kuba ijaji yayicinga ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba kwiminyaka yakhe enze into efana nale ayibhalileyo). Ukhuthazwe yile mpumelelo, waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala, owawunezinto ezahlukeneyo, kuba wayengagxili kwimibongo kuphela, kodwa wachukumisa nezinye iintlobo ezinje ngethiyetha, inoveli (ebhalwe elubhacweni) ...
Ekugqibeleni, wasweleka eParis ngo-1885 emva kobomi obugcwele amahla ndinyuka.
Isishwankathelo kunye nesishwankathelo seencwadi ze-Les Miserables
I-Les Miserables yinoveli ebandakanywa kuhlobo lothando. Nangona kunjalo, uya phambili ngakumbi, kuba ngomsebenzi wakhe ubandakanyeka kwidayari phakathi kokulungileyo nokubi, kwangaxeshanye athetha nathi ngezopolitiko, ubulungisa, inkolo, njl. Ixesha lembali abahlala kulo, iMvukelo kaJuni 1832, kunye neziphumo zotshintsho kwezopolitiko, babesenza isimilo ngasinye, kodwa umbhali uhlalutya neenkolelo zelo xesha.
Umsebenzi wenziwe ngeyonke imiqulu emihlanu. Babalisa ibali likaJean Valjean kunye nabanye abalinganiswa abanxulumene naye.
Incwadi nganye inegama, ke, uyadibana: UFantine, uCosette, uMarius, iIdyll yaseRue Plumet kunye ne-epic yeRue Saint-Denis; noJean Valjean.
Into ebonakalisa lo msebenzi kukuba ukuqhubela phambili kwexesha, ngendlela apho sibona ukuvela kweempawu ezahlukeneyo kwaye zikhula njani kwaye zikhula njani xa iziganeko zisenzeka (khumbula ukuba kwenzeka kwisithuba seminyaka engama-20, apho abantwana bekhula khona, umlinganiswa ophambili ukhula emdala…).
Isishwankathelo senoveli (yePlaneta) ifundeka ngolu hlobo: Inoveli iyonke. Uluntu lwase-France lwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX lubalisa ukusuka kwintlalo, eyimbali, yengqondo kunye nemibongo.
UJean Valjean wayelibanjwa ngaphambili. Xa efika kwidolophu yase-D, kwindlela eya kwidolophu yakowabo kwaye ehambisa ipaspoti yakhe-apho athi abhalwe njengowayegwetywe ngaphambili kunye "nendoda eyingozi" - kwiholo ledolophu, akukho mntu uzimisele ukumamkela kwaye mondle, ngaphandle kukaDon Bienvenido, umbingeleli. Ukungcatsha umkhuseli wakhe, uValjean uyeba izinto zakhe zesilivere, kodwa wabanjwa kufutshane, wamsa phambi komfundisi. UDon Bienvenido uthatha isigqibo sokungamxeli, kodwa uthatha isithembiso kuye: ukusebenzisa into ayithathileyo ukuze abe yindoda elungileyo.
Kwimbali yoncwadi i-Les Miserables ihlala kwindawo enelungelo. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba uVictor Hugo engakhathalelanga ukubalisa kuphela, njengoko babenzile ngaphambili, kodwa ngokuzithandela wafuna imodeli enokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengenoveli iyonke, iqondwe njengohlobo olwaneleyo loncwadi ukuze ukwazi ukuthetha yonke into ngayo; uhlobo, ekugqibezeleni, olungiselelwe umntu kunye nehlabathi lanamhlanje.
"Ikamva linamagama amaninzi. Kuba ababuthathaka abakwazi ukufikelela. Kwaboyikekayo, abangaziwayo. Kwaye kwabakhaliphileyo lithuba. »
Obona balinganiswa
Ngaphakathi kweLes Misérables, baninzi abalinganiswa ababonakalayo kwaye bayinxalenye yokuvela kwabanye. Nangona kunjalo, sinokuqaqambisa ezinye njengezona ziphambili, kwaye ezi ziya kuba zezi zilandelayo:
UJean valjean
Ungumlinganiswa ophambili kuwo wonke umsebenzi. Wayesentolongweni kuba ebe ilofu yesonka Kwaye emva kweminyaka embalwa, xa ekhululwe, wonke umntu uyamdelela ngokuba ex-con. Kungenxa yoko le nto ephethe ipasipoti etyheli, "isigwebo" sobomi bakhe.
Injongo yakhe kukutshintsha ubomi bakhe, kwaye into yokuqala ayenzayo ukuzama kukutshintsha ubuwena, kuba ngaloo ndlela angaqala ubomi obutsha. Nangona kunjalo, uMhloli uJavert kungekudala uyamkhangela kwaye amtyhile, aqale ngokukhangela njengoko ekholelwa ukuba unetyala lokunye okuninzi.
Oyinyani uJean Valjean
Into abangayaziyo abaninzi, kwaye nento abayenzileyo ekubhekiseni kuyo kwi-National Geographic, yayikukuba lo mlinganiswa, UJean Valjean, kunye noMhloli Javert, ngabantu abafanayo ngokwenyani. Ngapha koko, uVictor Hugo waphefumlelwa ngumntu omnye kubo bobabini abalinganiswa. Sithetha ngo-Eugène François Vidocq.
Le ndoda yayisisigwebo esasisazi ukuba sizikhulule njani kwiimpazamo zangaphambili, sisomashishini esaziwayo. Kwaye nentloko yoKhuseleko lweLizwe lwaseFrance, kunye nomcuphi wabucala wokuqala obhalisiweyo. Ewe kunjalo, izakhono zakhe zokuzifihla zamnceda ukuba angene kulo naliphi na iqela lolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye, nangona ubuso bakhe babusaziwa, oko akuzange kumthintele ekuqhubekeni nokusebenza njengomntu ongenayo phakathi kwezaphuli-mthetho.
Ngesi sizathu, iVidocq "yayiyimyuziyam" evumela uVictor Hugo ukuba enze isimilo esiphindiweyo, iqhawe kunye nokuchasana kwakhe, ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuba, enyanisweni, bekufana.
UFantina
UFantina uyintombazana eneminyaka eli-15 kuphela ubudala. Uthandana nendoda ethi ekugqibeleni imlahle, ikhulelwe kwaye kufuneka ashiye intombi yakhe nosapho ayokuzifunela umsebenzi. Udibana noJean Valjean ngenxa yokuba esebenza kumzi-mveliso, kodwa uyagxothwa xa besiva ukuba ngumama wentombazana.
Ngelo xesha, ushiyeke engenandlela yimbi ngaphandle kokuhenyuza aze athengise iinwele zakhe ukuze azixhase.
Icossette
Uyintombi kaFantina. Usapho olumkhathaleleyo lumphatha kakubi, lumnyanzela ukuba asebenze ngaphandle kweminyaka yakhe. Nangona kunjalo, UValljean uyamsindisa. Uhlawula usapho lwentombazana kwaye ayise apho bazibeka khona njengotata nentombi.
Javert
Umhloli uJavert uyamazi uJean Valjean kuba wayengumgcini-ntolongo xa wayesentolongweni. Emva kokudibana kwakhona, uJavert uyaqonda ukuba utshintshe ubuwena, kwaye ukrokrela ukuba wenza njalo kuba ebalekela ubulungisa.
Ke ngoko, injongo kukuyibamba.
Ubishophu
Ungumntu ophembelela uValjean ukuba azikhulule kwixesha lakhe elidlulileyo kwaye abe yindoda elungileyo.
Marius
Umthandi kaCossette.
Umxholo weLes Misérables
Gcina ukhumbule ukuba umhla womsebenzi kunye nexesha lokubhalwa kwalo akuhambelani. UVictor Hugo wabhala i-Les Miserable ngo-1862, kwiimfazwe ezipheleleyo zikaNapoleon ezazisenziwa ukuzama ukoyisa iFrance. Nangona kunjalo, umhla osetiweyo ngayo le ncwadi ungaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, umbhali ngokwakhe wasebenzisa amava akhe, kunye neenkumbulo zobutsha bakhe, ukuphinda enze ibali, elachukumisa ezinye zeemixholo ezibalulekileyo ezinje ngokwahluka kweklasi, ubuhlwempu, intswela-ngqesho, uthando kunye nohlaziyo.
Ukukunika umbono, Umthamo wokuqala usibeka kwi-1815, unyaka apho ukubuyiselwa kobukumkani kwenzeka. Oku kulandelayo, qhubela phambili ngexesha, ugcine engqondweni iziganeko zembali, ezinje ngovukelo luka-1830 no-1848, olwenzeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Ngokwenxalenye yayo, kumqulu wokugqibela siza kuzifumana singo-1835, unyaka awasweleka ngawo uValjean.
Ulungelelwaniso lweLes Misérables
Injalo ke impumelelo ye-Les Miserables, ukuba ibali liye lahlengahlengiswa kuthotho, iimuvi kunye nokudlala okanye umculo.
Abanye babameli abaziwayo nabaziwayo zezi zilandelayo:
- Umsebenzi womculo Con ukuthanda uthando novuyo, nguManuel de Falla, esekwe kwiLos miseables.
- Les Miserables nguCameron Mackintosh, obonisa uNick Jonas kwindima kaMarius
- Ifilimu ethe cwaka i-Les Misérables, ngo-1907.
- Ifilimu yango-1958 kaJean-Paul Le Chanois.
- Uthotho lwabantwana begama elifanayo.
- UCosette, ikwaluthotho lwabantwana ukusukela ngo-1977
- IMusical Les Misérables, nguTom Hooper kunye noHugh Jackman, uRussell Crowe, uAnne Hathaway, uAmanda Seyfried kunye nabanye abadlali.
- Imisebenzi kamabonwakude ka-Andrew Davies ngo-2018.